1
/
177
After severe emotional strain a 45-year-old man suddenly developed constricting pain in the area of his heart. The pain was irradiating into his left arm, neck, and left shoulder blade. His fase was pale and covered in cold sweat. Nitroglycerine was able to relieve the pain. What condition developed in the patient in this case?
2
/
177
A 23-year-old woman was brought into the emergency department complaining of bloody diarrhea, tiredness, and dizziness. A few days ago she went to a fast food reataurant for a birthday party. Her friends are experiencing similar symptoms. Laboratory studies show anemia. What samples should be obtained for microbiologic testing in this case?
3
/
177
Histological microslide shows a gastrointestinal organ. The wall of this organ consists of 4 layers: mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serous. The muscular layer has folds and pits. What organ has such appearance?
4
/
177
A 2-year-old child with delayed physical and mental development was brought to the hospital. The child’s parents are the most concerned by frequent profuse vomiting that occurs in their child after eating. Laboratory testing detected phenylpyruvic acid in the child’s urine. What type of metabolism is disturbed, causing this patology?
5
/
177
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. This function is carried out by valves, muscles, and vessels. What valve is located between the left ventricle and left atrium?
6
/
177
During your physiology class, the professor asks you to explain the effect of various hormones and neurotransmitters on the metabolism of glucose in the human body. You open your report with the statement that the use of glucose by the cells is preceded by its transport from the intercellular substance into the cell. What hormone is most likely responsible for the glucose uptake by the cell?
7
/
177
A 25-year-old man came to the family doctor complaining of the loss of taste sensation in the front two- thirds of his tongue. The doctor determined that this condition was caused by the damage to a certain nerve. What nerve is likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
8
/
177
A 28-year-old man complains of nausea, vomiting, and right-sided subcostal pain. Objectively, his skin and sclerae are icteric, he has elevated body temperature, enlarged liver, dark urine, fecal hypocholia, hyperbilirubinemia (direct and indirect bilirubin), bilirubinuria, urobilinuria, hypoproteinemia, and decreased blood coagulability. What condition can be characterized by these changes?
9
/
177
A soft tissue node obturated the patient’s middle lobe bronchus, leading to the development of right middle lobe atelectasis. In the area of obturation, bronchial biopsy detected proliferations of atypical glandular epithelium with pathological mitoses. Epithelium penetrates into the underlaying tissues and cartilage. What disease is the most likely in this case?
10
/
177
The main functions of neural tissue can be described as communication and integration. What is the basic unit of neural tissue that ensures its functioning?
11
/
177
The patient has developed a refractive error, where the focal point of the image is located not precisely on the retina, but anterior to it. This causes distant objects to be blurry, while close objects often appear normal. Among the other signs there are headaches and eye strain. This condition is associated with retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma. Name this condition:
12
/
177
A 20-year-old woman came to the clinic after missing her last 2 periods. Her cycles are usually regular, occurring at 28-30 day interval with moderate bleeding and occasional abdominal pain. She also complains of progressively diminishing peripheral vision. Her doctor determined the loss of vision in the lateral halves of both retinas. What structure is likely to be alfected, causing bitemporal hemianopsia in the patient?
13
/
177
A woman was bitten by a venomous snake (Macrovipera lebetinis). Autopsy of her body shows marked intravascular hemolysis. Her pancreas, bone marrow, and lymph nodes are brown. Microscopy detects abundant brown pigment in the macrophage cytoplasm. What pigment accumulates in the tissues in such cases?
14
/
177
Histological microslide shows an organ consisting of gray and white matter. The gray matter is located in the center and is made up of bundle neurons (neurocytus funicularis), radicular neurons (neurocytus radiculatus), and interneurons. Such morphology is characteristic of the following organ?
15
/
177
A molecular biologist studies various molecules. One of them is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It is a helical singlestranded molecule folded onto itself. Which of the following molecules is being studied?
16
/
177
There is a system that maintains the balanced state of multicellular organisms. Its main functions are to ensure an adequate physiological response and to defend the body against infectious agents and other unintended invasions. What system has such functions?
17
/
177
A team of medical students researches the phases of cell cycle. During one of the mitotic phases the cell has nearly completed its division, the chromosomes decondense, and two nuclei begin to form around them. What phase is likely observed in the cell at this moment?
18
/
177
A 34-yeat-old man visits his dentist complaining of a toothache. After a dental procedure that involved extraction of several teeth, he developed a severe bleeding lasting more than 15 minutes. He has a history of chromic hepatitis C. What is the most likely cause of the prolonged bleeding in this patient?
19
/
177
Medical examination in an army recruitment center detected a 15-year-old boy with tall stature, eunuchoid body proportions, gynecomastia, and female pattern of pubic hain growth. The boy has fat deposits on the thighs, no facial fair growth, high-pitched voice, and below average IQ. He was diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. What karyotype corresponds with this disease?
20
/
177
A man with signs of peritonitis was brought to the admission room. He has a 12-year-long history of peptic ulcer disease with ulcer localization on the posterior gastric wall. He was diagnosed with gasiric ulcer perforation. What anatomical structure is likely to be contaminated with gastric content in this case?
21
/
177
A 46-year-old man complains of tiredness and pain in the joints of his fingers and wrists. These signs are observed for the last 2 months. The pain is present in both hands and the wrists are swollen. Furthermore, he describes morning stiffness in his joints, lasting about 2 hours, which improves with use. His past medical history reveals that he was successfully treated for H. pylori - related ulcer last year. He denies smoking and stopped drinking when his GI symptoms started. What drug is the best choice for his joint pain management?
22
/
177
A 27-year-old woman complains of insomnia, irritability, hand tremor, acute weight loss despite high appetite, and constant fever with body temperature of 37,2-37,5°C. What endocrine gland is likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
23
/
177
General practitioner performs physical examination of the patient. In the course of the examination it is necessary to measure the palpable regular expansion of a superficial artery caused by the ejection of blood into the vessels through heart contractions. What sign does the doctor measure?
24
/
177
A man has signs of acute respiratory viral disease. His physician referred him for microbiological testing. A mucus smear obtained trom the patient’s tonsils contains spherical microorganisins arranged in short chains. The patient was diagnosed with tonsillitis. What microorganisms were detected in the smear from the patient's tonsils?
25
/
177
Muscle relaxant tubocurarine was administered during a surgery. After the surgery the patient's breathing is not restored. What antidote should he be given to resore his breathing? Anaprilin (Propranolol)
26
/
177
A 45-yeat-old woman came to her physician with complaints of extreme tiredness and weakness. She says that these symptoms lasts for a month already. Within the last 2 weeks she losts 3 kilograms. Objectively, she is tired-looking thin woman. Skin hyperpigmentation is observed in many areas of her body, most prominently on the face, neck, and the backs of her hands (the areas exposed to light). What hormone is produccd in an excess in this patient, most likely causing the hyperpigmentation? Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
27
/
177
A 50-year-old woman complains of constant thist. She drinks large amounts of liquid and has increased diuresis. Her blood glucose is 12 mmol/L. Her urine contains glucose. What endocrine organ is likely to be functionally impaired in this patient?
28
/
177
An unidentified surgical specimen is received fot histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Under the microscope, you see an organ encapaulated by dense connective tissue that extends to the deeper areas by way of the trabecular extensions. The organ can be subdivided into two regions: a cortex with lymphoid nodules and medulla with medullary cords populated by plasma cells, B cells, and Tcells. What anatomical structure is the most likely origin of this surgical specimen?
29
/
177
A 65-year-old woman was brought into the emergency departmnent because of shortness of breath and chest pain that started a few hours ago. She denied having fever, expectoration, or any accompanying symptoms. She had a 5-year-long history of deep vein thrombosis in her thin. After a time, she died of respiratory distress. Autopsy reveals red loose masses lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and the right pulmonary arteries. What is the most likely diagnosis?
30
/
177
A 54-year-old woman had a total thyroidectomy lor papillary thyroid carcinoma. 11 hours after operation she complained of tingling around her mouth. On physical examination, the Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign are present. Her condition rapidly deteriorates with laryngospasm and focal seizures. The surgeon suspects surgical destruction of the parathyroid glands. What is the most likely cause of this patient's neurological condition?
31
/
177
A patient has arterial hypertension. What long-acting drug from the group of calcium channel blockers should be prescribed?
32
/
177
A drycleaner's worker has been found to have hepatic steatosis. This pathology can be caused by the disruption of synthesis of the following substance:
33
/
177
What condition may develop 15 30 minutes after re-administration of the antigen as a result of the increased level of antibodies, mainly IgE, that are adsorbed on the surface of target cells, namely tissue basophils (mast cells) and blood basophils?
34
/
177
A patient underwent a course of treatment for atherosclerosis. Laboratory tests revealed an increase in the anti atherogenic lipoprotein fraction in the blood plasma. The treatment efficacy increase in: confirmed by the
35
/
177
A patient has been found to have a marked dilatation of saphenous veins in the region of anterior abdominal wall around the navel. This is a symptom of pressure increase in the following vessel:
36
/
177
An electron micrograph shows a cell-to-cell adhesion consisting, in each cell, of an attachment plaque The intercellular space is filled with electron-dense substance including transmembrane fibrillar Specify this adhesion: structures.
37
/
177
A person with the fourth blood group (genotype IAIB) has in erythrocytes both antigen A controlled by allele IA and antigen В controlled by allele IB. This phenomenon is an example of the following gene interation:
38
/
177
A specimen shows an organ covered with the connective tissue capsule with trabeculae radiating inward the organ. There is also cortex containing some lymph nodules, and medullary cords made of lymphoid cells. What organ is under study?
39
/
177
One of the factors that cause obesity is the inhibition of fatty acids oxidation due to:
40
/
177
The resuscitation unit has admitted a patient in grave condition. It is known that he had mistakenly taken sodium fluoride which blocks cytochrome oxidase. What type of hypoxia developed in the patient?
41
/
177
A 30-yearold patient has dyspnea fits, mostly at night. He has been diagnosed with bronchial asthma. What type of aller reaction according to the Gell-Coombs classification is most likely in this case?
42
/
177
Hepatitis В is diagnosed through laboratory tests that determine the presence of HBA-DNA in blood serum of the patient. What reference method is applied for this purpose?
43
/
177
A 37-year-old female patient complains of headache, vertigo, troubled sleep, numbness of limbs. For the last 6 years she has been working at the gas-discharge lamp producing factory in the lead processing shop. Blood test findings: low hemoglobin and RBC level, serum iron concentration exceeds the norm by several times. Specify the type of anemia: Minkowsky-Shauffard disease
44
/
177
A patient complains that at the bare mention of the tragic events that once occurred in his life he experiences tachycardia, dyspnea and an abrupt rise of blood pressure. What structures of the CNS are responsible for these cardiorespiratory reactions in this patient?
45
/
177
A 49-year-old man complains of pain in his metatarsophalangeal joints and joint deformation. In blood hyperuricemy can be observed. X ray has revealed metatarsophalangeal joint space narrowing, erosion, periarticular calcification of the both joints, osteoporosis. Microscopy has revealed inflammatory granulomatous reaction surrounding necrotizing masses in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Choose the most likely diagnosis:
46
/
177
A young woman suddenly developed fever up to 39°C accompanied by a strong headache. Examination revealed marked nuchal rigidity. Spinal puncture was performed. Gram-stained of cerebrospinal fluid smear contained many neutrophils and Gram-positive diplococci. What bacteria could be the cause of this disease?
47
/
177
During ventricular systole, the cardiac muscle does not respond to additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:
48
/
177
Histologic specimen of a kidney demonstrates cells closely adjoined to the renal corpuscle in the distal convoluted tubule. Their basement membrane is extremely thin and has no folds. These cells sense the changes in sodium content of urine and influence renin secretion occurring in juxtaglomerular cells. Name these cells:
49
/
177
As a result of a continuous chronic encephalopathy, a patient has developed spontaneous motions and a disorder of torso muscle tone. These are the symptoms of the disorder of the following conduction tract:
50
/
177
Work in a mine is known to cause inhalation of large amounts of coal dust. Inhaled coal dust can be detected in the following pulmonary cells:
51
/
177
Inherited diseases, such as mucopolysaccharidoses, are manifested in metabolic disorders of connective tissue, bone and joint pathologies. The sign of this disease is the excessive urinary excretion of the following substance:
52
/
177
A patient consulted a physician about chest pain, cough, fever. Roentgenography of lungs revealed eosinophilic infiltrates that were found to contain larvae What kind of helminthiasis are these presentations typical of?
53
/
177
A patient underwent surgical removal of a cavitary liver lesion 2 cm in diameter. It was revealed that the cavity wall was formed by dense fibrous connective tissue; the cavity contained muddy, thick, yellowish greenish fluid with an unpleasant odor Microscopically, the fluid consisted mainly of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. What pathological process are these morphological changes typical for?
54
/
177
Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, ej 1-year-old child developed an autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to contain macromolecular proteins. What process of urine formation was disturbed?
55
/
177
A 41-year-old male patient has a history of recurrent attacks of heartbeats (paroxysms), profuse sweating, headaches. Examination revealed hypertension, hyperglycemia, increased basal metabolic rate, and tachycardia. These clinical presentations are typical for the following adrenal pathology:
56
/
177
A 12-yearold child has a viral infection complicated by obstructive bronchitis. Bronchospasm can be eliminated by inhalations of a drug from the following pharmacological group:
57
/
177
Prolonged treatment of hypothyroidism has caused general dystrophy, dental caries, tachycardia, tremor of extremities. What drug is the cause of these side effects?
58
/
177
During pathomorphological kidney investigation of a patient, who for a long time had been suffering from osteomyelitis and died from progressing renal failure, the following was revealed: deposits of homogeneous eosinophilic masses in glomerular mesangium, arterial and arteriolar walls, and stroma, which became red when stained with Congo red. What pathological process is this?
59
/
177
During cell division, DNA replication occurs by a signal from the cytoplasm, and a certain portion of the DNA helix unwinds and splits into two individual strains. What enzyme facilitates this process?
60
/
177
During appendectomy a patient had the a. appendicularis figated. This vessel branches from the following artery:
61
/
177
After severe emotional strain a 45-year-old man suddenly developed constricting pain in the area of his heart. The pain was irradiating into his left arm, neck, and left shoulder blade. His fase was pale and covered in cold sweat. Nitroglycerine was able to relieve the pain. What condition developed in the patient in this case?
62
/
177
A 23-year-old woman was brought into the emergency department complaining of bloody diarrhea, tiredness, and dizziness. A few days ago she went to a fast food reataurant for a birthday party. Her friends are experiencing similar symptoms. Laboratory studies show anemia. What samples should be obtained for microbiologic testing in this case?
63
/
177
Histological microslide shows a gastrointestinal organ. The wall of this organ consists of 4 layers: mucosal, submucosal, muscular, and serous. The muscular layer has folds and pits. What organ has such appearance?
64
/
177
A 2-year-old child with delayed physical and mental development was brought to the hospital. The child’s parents are the most concerned by frequent profuse vomiting that occurs in their child after eating. Laboratory testing detected phenylpyruvic acid in the child’s urine. What type of metabolism is disturbed, causing this patology?
65
/
177
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. This function is carried out by valves, muscles, and vessels. What valve is located between the left ventricle and left atrium?
66
/
177
During your physiology class, the professor asks you to explain the effect of various hormones and neurotransmitters on the metabolism of glucose in the human body. You open your report with the statement that the use of glucose by the cells is preceded by its transport from the intercellular substance into the cell. What hormone is most likely responsible for the glucose uptake by the cell?
67
/
177
A 25-year-old man came to the family doctor complaining of the loss of taste sensation in the front two- thirds of his tongue. The doctor determined that this condition was caused by the damage to a certain nerve. What nerve is likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
68
/
177
A 28-year-old man complains of nausea, vomiting, and right-sided subcostal pain. Objectively, his skin and sclerae are icteric, he has elevated body temperature, enlarged liver, dark urine, fecal hypocholia, hyperbilirubinemia (direct and indirect bilirubin), bilirubinuria, urobilinuria, hypoproteinemia, and decreased blood coagulability. What condition can be characterized by these changes?
69
/
177
A soft tissue node obturated the patient’s middle lobe bronchus, leading to the development of right middle lobe atelectasis. In the area of obturation, bronchial biopsy detected proliferations of atypical glandular epithelium with pathological mitoses. Epithelium penetrates into the underlaying tissues and cartilage. What disease is the most likely in this case?
70
/
177
The main functions of neural tissue can be described as communication and integration. What is the basic unit of neural tissue that ensures its functioning?
71
/
177
The patient has developed a refractive error, where the focal point of the image is located not precisely on the retina, but anterior to it. This causes distant objects to be blurry, while close objects often appear normal. Among the other signs there are headaches and eye strain. This condition is associated with retinal detachment, cataract, and glaucoma. Name this condition:
72
/
177
A 20-year-old woman came to the clinic after missing her last 2 periods. Her cycles are usually regular, occurring at 28-30 day interval with moderate bleeding and occasional abdominal pain. She also complains of progressively diminishing peripheral vision. Her doctor determined the loss of vision in the lateral halves of both retinas. What structure is likely to be alfected, causing bitemporal hemianopsia in the patient?
73
/
177
A woman was bitten by a venomous snake (Macrovipera lebetinis). Autopsy of her body shows marked intravascular hemolysis. Her pancreas, bone marrow, and lymph nodes are brown. Microscopy detects abundant brown pigment in the macrophage cytoplasm. What pigment accumulates in the tissues in such cases?
74
/
177
Histological microslide shows an organ consisting of gray and white matter. The gray matter is located in the center and is made up of bundle neurons (neurocytus funicularis), radicular neurons (neurocytus radiculatus), and interneurons. Such morphology is characteristic of the following organ?
75
/
177
A molecular biologist studies various molecules. One of them is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It is a helical singlestranded molecule folded onto itself. Which of the following molecules is being studied?
76
/
177
There is a system that maintains the balanced state of multicellular organisms. Its main functions are to ensure an adequate physiological response and to defend the body against infectious agents and other unintended invasions. What system has such functions?
77
/
177
A team of medical students researches the phases of cell cycle. During one of the mitotic phases the cell has nearly completed its division, the chromosomes decondense, and two nuclei begin to form around them. What phase is likely observed in the cell at this moment?
78
/
177
A 34-yeat-old man visits his dentist complaining of a toothache. After a dental procedure that involved extraction of several teeth, he developed a severe bleeding lasting more than 15 minutes. He has a history of chromic hepatitis C. What is the most likely cause of the prolonged bleeding in this patient?
79
/
177
Medical examination in an army recruitment center detected a 15-year-old boy with tall stature, eunuchoid body proportions, gynecomastia, and female pattern of pubic hain growth. The boy has fat deposits on the thighs, no facial fair growth, high-pitched voice, and below average IQ. He was diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. What karyotype corresponds with this disease?
80
/
177
A man with signs of peritonitis was brought to the admission room. He has a 12-year-long history of peptic ulcer disease with ulcer localization on the posterior gastric wall. He was diagnosed with gasiric ulcer perforation. What anatomical structure is likely to be contaminated with gastric content in this case?
81
/
177
A 46-year-old man complains of tiredness and pain in the joints of his fingers and wrists. These signs are observed for the last 2 months. The pain is present in both hands and the wrists are swollen. Furthermore, he describes morning stiffness in his joints, lasting about 2 hours, which improves with use. His past medical history reveals that he was successfully treated for H. pylori - related ulcer last year. He denies smoking and stopped drinking when his GI symptoms started. What drug is the best choice for his joint pain management?
82
/
177
A 27-year-old woman complains of insomnia, irritability, hand tremor, acute weight loss despite high appetite, and constant fever with body temperature of 37,2-37,5 Co. What endocrine gland is likely to be functionally impaired in this case?
83
/
177
General practitioner performs physical examination of the patient. In the course of the examination it is necessary to measure the palpable regular expansion of a superficial artery caused by the ejection of blood into the vessels through heart contractions. What sign does the doctor measure?
84
/
177
A man has signs of acute respiratory viral disease. His physician referred him for microbiological testing. A mucus smear obtained trom the patient’s tonsils contains spherical microorganisins arranged in short chains. The patient was diagnosed with tonsillitis. What microorganisms were detected in the smear from the patient's tonsils?
85
/
177
Muscle relaxant tubocurarine was administered during a surgery. After the surgery the patient's breathing is not restored. What antidote should he be given to resore his breathing?
86
/
177
A 45-yeat-old woman came to her physician with complaints of extreme tiredness and weakness. She says that these symptoms lasts for a month already. Within the last 2 weeks she losts 3 kilograms. Objectively, she is tired-looking thin woman. Skin hyperpigmentation is observed in many areas of her body, most prominently on the face, neck, and the backs of her hands (the areas exposed to light). What hormone is produccd in an excess in this patient, most likely causing the hyperpigmentation?
87
/
177
A 50-year-old woman complains of constant thist. She drinks large amounts of liquid and has increased diuresis. Her blood glucose is 12 mmol/L. Her urine contains glucose. What endocrine organ is likely to be functionally impaired in this patient?
88
/
177
An unidentified surgical specimen is received fot histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Under the microscope, you see an organ encapaulated by dense connective tissue that extends to the deeper areas by way of the trabecular extensions. The organ can be subdivided into two regions: a cortex with lymphoid nodules and medulla with medullary cords populated by plasma cells, B cells, and Tcells. What anatomical structure is the most likely origin of this surgical specimen?
89
/
177
A 65-year-old woman was brought into the emergency departmnent because of shortness of breath and chest pain that started a few hours ago. She denied having fever, expectoration, or any accompanying symptoms. She had a 5-year-long history of deep vein thrombosis in her thin. After a time, she died of respiratory distress. Autopsy reveals red loose masses lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and the right pulmonary arteries. Whnt is the most likely diagnosis?
90
/
177
A 54-year-old woman had a total thyroidectomy lor papillary thyroid carcinoma. 11 hours after operation she complained of tingling around her mouth. On physical examination, the Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign are present. Her condition rapidly deteriorates with laryngospasm and focal seizures. The surgeon suspects surgical destruction of the parathyroid glands. What is the most likely cause of this patient's neurological condition?
91
/
177
72-year-old female patient suffers from a long-standing heart failure. She presents to the hospital with a cough and dyspnea on exertion for 1 week. Her symptoms worsen at night and she has noticed that her sputum is pink and frothy. Chest auscultation reveals bilateral line crepitations over the lung bases. The physician prescribes a drug that reduces preload. Which of the following is the most likely drug prescribed by the physician?
92
/
177
A 12-year-old boy presents with progressive clumsiness and difficulty walking. He walks "like a drunken-man" and has experienced frequent falls. His muscle tone and strength in all 4 limbs are slightly decreased. When he is asked to stand with his eyes closed and with both feet close together, he sways from side to side, unable to stand still. Which of the following brain regions is most likely affected and caused the symptoms described above?
93
/
177
A doctor refers the patient to a gastroenterologist for a stomach acid test and an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which revealed that this patient is a heavy acid producer and has a gastric peptic ulcer. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism for this patient’s condition?
94
/
177
A 21-year-old woman who is a medical student is undergoing evaluation after sticking herself with a needle while drawing blood from a patient. In this case a medical professional is at high risk of getting a blood-transmitted infection. Which of the following diseases is least likely to be transmitted via blood?
95
/
177
A 38-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 years ago, comes to her physician with a complaint of facial swelling and decreased urination that she first noticed 2 weeks ago. She currently takes azathioprine and a corticosteroid. Her vital signs show blood pressure - 150/90 mm Hg, pulse - 91/min., temperature - 36.8°С and respiratory rate - 15/min. On physical examination, the doctor notices erythematous rash on her face exhibiting a butterfly pattern. The laboratory studies reveal hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and proteinuria. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of SLE’s complication in this patient?
96
/
177
A 24-year-old man undergoes a surgery and during the operation, an organ is excised and sent for histological evaluation. A light microscopic examination reveals the organ encased by thin connective tissue capsule that enters the substance of the lobes to further subdivide the organ into irregular lobular units. Each lobule contains a cluster of follicles filled with colloid. Follicular epithelium consists of low columnar, cuboidal or squamous cells, depending on the level of activity of the follicle. Which of the following organs does this tissue most likely belong to?
97
/
177
A researcher is investigating the relationship between inflammatory mediators. He performs an experiment, investigating the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on patients with high-grade fever. His research indicates that certain NSAIDs act as competitively reversible inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It is known that COX catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from a certain molecule that itself is derived from the cellular phospholipid bilayer by phospholipase A2. Which of the following molecules is a precursor of an inflammatory mediators mentioned above?
98
/
177
A medical student studies a waste disposal system in human epithelial cells. During electronic microscopy he reveals the spherical vesicles, surrounded by a membrane and containing many different hydrolytic enzymes. The main function of these organelles is to provide intracellular digestion and protective reactions of the cell. Which of the following organelles is mentioned above?
99
/
177
A biology graduate student is performing an experiment in the immunology laboratory. He studies a blood cell count from a patient with acute appendicitis, which shows an increase in the number of cells having a multilobed nucleus and multiple cytoplasmic granules. These cells engulf pathogens or necrotic tissue and help in the degradation of foreign products. Which of the following procescsses is seen in the cell desbribed above?
100
/
177
A patient suffers from a condition which, is characterized by a restriction in blood supply to tissues which leads to inadequate oxygen delivery to cells and contravention of cell metabolism. It is often caused by partial or total blockage of arteries. Which of the following is developed in this patient?
101
/
177
A bone marrow biopsy of an 8-year-old girl shows a group of cells which has undergone the process of pyknosis and loss of the nucleus during its differentiation. Which of the following types of hemopoiesis is characterised by the morphological changes described above?
102
/
177
The healthcare provider performs a complete blood count to find out if the bone marrow is making the right number of blood cells. He studies a blood cell that has no nucleus and has a function to react to bleeding of an injured blood vessel by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. Which of the following is the main object of testing?
103
/
177
With total starvation the only source of water for the body is the oxidation process of organic compounds. Which of the following substances under these conditions is the main source of endogenic water?
104
/
177
An 18-year-old girl comes to her physician with concern about her health because she has not achieved menarche. She denies any significant weight loss, changes in mood, or changes in her appetite. She mentions that her mother told her about mild birth defects, but she cannot recall the specifics. Past medical history and family history are benign. On physical examination, the patient is short in stature, has a short and webbed neck and wide chest. Staining of buccal smear reveals absence of Barr bodies in the nucleis of epithelial cells. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following genetic disorders is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?
105
/
177
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother, who complains of low-grade fever, chronic cough and night sweats in her child. She describes the cough as productive, producing white sputum that is sometimes streaked with blood. She also says that her son has lost some weight in the last month. His vital signs include blood pressure of 115/75 mm Hg, heart rate of 110/min., respiratory rate of 18/min. and temperature of 36.6°On physical examination, the patient is ill looking. Pulmonary auscultation reveals some fine crackles in the right upper lobe. The pediatrician suspects an active infection and performs Mantoux test. Intradermal injection of which of the following substances has been most likely used by pediatrician for the screening test in this clinical case?
106
/
177
A research group is investigating a complex of three enzymes. They have created cultures of myocytes derived from high-performance college athletes and simulated starvation conditions. After the experiment they concluded that during starvation the amount of this complex in the muscle tissue was higher. The complex converts pyruvate into acetyl-coenzyme-which enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) under aerobic conditions. This reaction also involves the further reduction of NAD+ molecules into NADH. An activating effect of which of the following enzymes is described above?
107
/
177
This action is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. It is made possible by neural pathways which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain and does not require conscious thought. Which of the following actions is described above?
108
/
177
A 16-year-old girl concerned about her sexual development comes to the physician. She mentions that she has still not had a menstrual period. However, she is otherwise a healthy girl with no significant, medical problems since birth. On physical examination, her vital signs are stable. She does not have pubic hair and her breast is slightly elevated with areola remaining in contour with surrounding breast. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this abnormal physical development?
109
/
177
A 28-year-old male patient presents to the physician with pain and discomfort in his right lower extremity. On physical exam, palpation of the patient’s pulses reveals the absence of pulsation in the dorsalis pedis and tibialis posterior arteries, while the pulsation on the femoral artery is present. The skin of his extremity is also pale and cold/ Which of the following arteries is most likely damaged in this patient?
110
/
177
A pathologist studies a specimen of the small bean-shaped structure which is the part of human immune system. In a cross section it consists of an outer layer (cortex) and inner layer (medulla), and is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and subscapular sinus and is about 1.8 cm long. Which of the following is being studied by the pathologist?
111
/
177
A 27-year-old female presents with a severe sore throat, hoarseness, painful swallowing and low-grade fever. On intraoral examination, a large grey membrane is noticed on the oropharynx. Removal of the membrane reveals a bleeding oedematous mucosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
112
/
177
The doctor evaluates his patient’s spyrography. One of the evaluation parameters represents the normal amount of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation without any extra efforts or appointments. Which of the following is being evaluated in this case?
113
/
177
A 37-year-old man is admitted to a hospital with mental confusion and disorientation. His wife reports he became more irritable and forgetful in the past year. In addition, she notes that he became a vegan a year ago, and currently, his diet consists of starchy foods like potatoes, corn, and leafy vegetables. GI symptoms include anorexia, diarrhea and vomiting. He has glossitis and skin lesions that appear as vesicles over the extremities. Eczema-like lesions around the mouth, as well as desquamation and roughened skin over the hands, are also present. Neurologic examination reveals symmetrical hypesthesia for all types of sensation in both upper and lower extremities in a "gloves and socks" distribution. Deficiency in the diet the of which of the following amino acids is the most likely cause of this condition?
114
/
177
The main function of the human glands are to produce and release substances that perform a specificfunction in the body. According to the classification there are endocrine and exocrine glands. But also there are glands that may be classified as both. Which of the following glands can be endo-and exocrine simultaneously?
115
/
177
Physiological solution is an isotonic diluent used to maintain cell integrity and viability in procedures that -require preparation of test suspension of organisms. This sterile solution in water provides osmotic protection for microbial cells. Which of the following concentrations of NaCl is considered to be physiological?
116
/
177
A 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia had a sudden onset of right-sided weakness. By the time the ambulance arrived, he had difficulty speaking. Unfortunately, the patient died within the next 2 hours and an autopsy was performed immediately. The gross examination of the cerebral left hemisphere showed brain swelling, widened gyri and poorly demarcated gray-white junction. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s death?
117
/
177
A 14-year-old girl presents to the emergency department for evaluation of an "infected leg". She states there is no history of trauma but mentions she had a history of sickle cell disease/ On physical examination, her upper part of the right shin is very painful, red, swollen, and hot. Her temperature is 39.2°An X-ray shows focal bony lysis and loss of trabecular architecture in the metaphysis of the right tibiIncreased activity of which of the following cells is the most likely cause of bone reabsorption in this patient?
118
/
177
A 46-year-old man presents with fatigue and joint pain in his fingers and wrists for the last 2 months. The pain is present in both hands and the wrists are swollen. Furthermore, he describes morning stiffness in his joints lasting about 2 hours, which improves with use. His past medical history reveals he has been successfully treated for H. pylori related ulcers last year. He denies smoking and stopped drinking when his gastric symptoms started. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for his joints’ pain management?
119
/
177
A 20-year-old female comes to the clinic after missing her last 2 periods. Her cycles are usually regular, occurring at 28-30 day interval with moderate bleeding and some abdominal discomfort. She also complains of progressively diminishing peripheral vision. Her doctor reveals loss of vision in the lateral halves of both eyes. Involvement of which of the following structures would you most likely expect to be the reason of bitemporal hemianopsia?
120
/
177
A 25-year-old male presents to an emergency department with suddenonset right-sided pleuritic chest pain and breathlessness. On examination, he has arterial blood saturation of 90% in air and is afebrile. An X- ray shows a lung edge visible in the right hemithorax, beyond which no lung markings are seen. Which of the following conditions has most likely occured in this patient?
121
/
177
A 24-year-old man undergoes surgery and during the operation, an organ is excised and sent for histological evaluation. A light microscopic examination roved s Ihe organ encased by thin connective tissue capsule that enters the substance oi the lobes to further subdivide the organ into irregular lobular units. Bach lobule contains a cluster of follicles filled with colloid. Follicular epithelium consists of low columnar, cuboidal or squamous cells depending on the level of activity of the follicle. Which of the following organs does this tissue most likely belong to?
122
/
177
A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of bloody diarrhea, fatigue and confusion. A few days earlier, she went to a fast food restaurant for a birthday party. Her friends are experiencing similar symptoms. Laboratory studies show anemia. Which of the following would you most likely obtain for microbiologic testing?
123
/
177
An 18-year-old girl comes to her physician with concern about her health because she has not achieved menarche. She denies any significant weight loss, changes in mood, or changes in her appetite. She mentions that her mother told her about mild birth defects, but she cannot recall the specifics. Past medical history and family history are benign. On physical examination, the patient is short in stature, has a short and webbed neck and wide chest. Staining of buccal smear reveals absence of Barr bodies in the nucleus of epithelial cells. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following genetic disorders is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?
124
/
177
A 38-year-old woman, who was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 years ago, comes to her physician with a complaint of facial swelling and decreased urination that she first noticed 2 weeks ago. She currently takes azathioprine and corticosteroid. Her vital signs show blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg, pulse – 91/min., temperature – 36.8 C and respiratory rate – 15/min. On physical examination, the doctor notices erythematous rash on her face exhibiting a butterfly pattern. The laboratory studies reveal hypertriglyceridemia and proteinuria. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of SLE`s complication in this patient?
125
/
177
A 37-year-old man is admitted to hospital with mental confusion and disorientation. His wile reports he became more irritable and forgetlul in the past year. In addition, she notes that be became a vegan a year ago and currently, his diet consists of starchy foods like potatoes, corn and leafy vegetables. GI symptoms include anorexia, diarrhea and vomiting. He has glossitis and skin lesions that appear as vesicles over the extremities. Eczemalike lesions around the mouth, as well as desquamation and roughened skin over the hands are also present. Neurologic examination reveals symmetrical hypesthesia for all types of sensation in both upper and lower extremities in a ’’gloves and socks” distribution. Deficiency in diet of which of the following amino acids is the most likely cause of this condition?
126
/
177
A 60-year old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia had a sudden onset a right-sided weakness. By the time the ambulance arrived, he had difficulty speaking. Unfortunately, the patient died within the next two hours and an autopsy was performed immediately. The gross examination of the cerebral left hemisphere showed brain swelling, widened, gyri and poorly demarcated gray-white junction. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient`s death?
127
/
177
A 34-year-old-man visits dentist complaining of toothache. After a dental procedure that onvolved extraction of several teeth, he develops severe bleeding lasting more than 15 minutes. He has a history of chronic hepatitis. Which of the following is the most likely cause of
prolonged bleeding in this patient?
128
/
177
A 43-year-old man seeks evaluation at emergency department with complaints of fever with chills, melaise, diffuse abdominal pain for over a week, diarrhea and loss of appetite. He says that his symptoms are progressively getting worse. He recalls that the fever began slowly and climbed its way- up stepwise to the current 39.8°C. His blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. A physical exam reveals a coated tongue, enlarged spleen and rose spots on the abdomen. Serologic study shows the agglutinin O titre of 1:200 by the Widal test. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism for this patient's condition?
129
/
177
A 64-year-old man presents with a tremor in his legs and arms. He says he has had the tremor for "many years", but it has worsened in the last year. The tremor is more prominent at rest and nearly disappears on movement. His daughter mentions that his movements have become slower. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the patient is hunched over and his face is expressionless throughout examination. There is a "pillrolling" resting tremor that is accentuated when the patient is asked to clench the contralateral hand and alleviated by finger nose testing. When asked to walk across the room, the patient has difficulty taking the first step, has a stooped posture and takes short rapid shuffling steps. A doctor initiates pharmacotherapy and the drug of first line, levodopa, is prescribed. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this drug?
130
/
177
A 65-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and chest pain that started a few hours ago. She did not have a lever, expectoration, or any accompanying symptoms. She has a history of right leg deep vein thrombosis that occurred 5 years ago. Some time later, she dies of severe respiratory distress. A pulmonary autopsy specimen reveals red loose mass that is lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and right main pulmonary arteries. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
131
/
177
An 11-year-old girl is brought to the doctor’s office by her mother who stales her daughter has been weak with swollen face for 5 days. The mother slates her daughter had always been healthy and active until the initiation of symptoms. Upon inquiry, the girl describes a foamy appearance of her urine but denies blood in urine, urinary frequency at night, or pain during urination. Physical examination reveals generalized swelling of the face and pitting edema on the lower limbs. Laboratory study shows proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Which of the following is the most likely cause of findings in the laboratory study of urine?
132
/
177
A group of researchers aimed to study cardiac physiology found that overstretching of atria in the heart leads to decreased sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and increase in glomerular filtration rate. Which of the following is the most likely cause ot physiologic effects
discovered by researchers?
133
/
177
After dehelmintization, a 35-year-old man passed a 3.5 m tapeworm during a bowel movement. A stool examination reveals scolex with four suckers and hooks. Mature proglottids are static with up to 12 primary uterine branches. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
134
/
177
A 14-year old girl presents to the emergency department for evaluation of an "infected leg". She states there is no history of trauma but mentions she had a history of sickle cell disease. On physical examination, her upper part of right shin is very painful, red, swollen and hot. Her temperature is 39.2°C. An X-ray shows focal bony lysis and loss of trabecular architecture in the metaphysis of right tibia, increased activity of which of the following cells is the most likely cause of bone reabsorption in this patient?
135
/
177
A male neonate born to a 24-year-old primigravida had jaundice at 8 hours f life The neonates red blood cell time was A+, while the mothers RBC type was 0+. Laboratory studies revealed elevated titer of mother's anti-A antibody, normal erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate and negative sickle cell test. The infant’s hemoglobin was 106 g/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of infant’s jaundice?
136
/
177
A 16-year-old girl concerned about her sexual development comes to the physician. She mentions that she has still not had a menstrual period. However, she is otherwise a healthy girl with no significant medical problems since birth. On physical examination, her vital signs are stake. She does not have pubic hair and her breast fe sliehtlv elevated with areola remaining in contour with surrounding breast. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this abnormal physical development?
137
/
177
A 46-year-old man presents with fatigue and joint pain in his lingers and wrists lor the last 2 months. The pain is present in both hands and the wrists are swollen. Furthermore, he describes morning stiffness in his joints lasting about 2 hours, which improves with use. His past medical history reveals he has been successfully treated for H. pylori related ulcers last year. He denies smoking and stopped drinking when his gastric symptoms started. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for his joint`s pain management?
138
/
177
A 68-year-old man comes to his physician with complaints of severe fatigue and altered sensations in his extremities. Past medical history is remarkable for chronic gastritis. He drinks alcohol almost every day. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 95/min., respiratory rate -14/min. and temperature of 37.1 C. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm, his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Neurologic examination reveals loss of touch and vibration sense in both upper and lower limbs. Laboratory investigation results include a hemoglobin of 80 g/L, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) of 115 fL (the reference range is 80-100 fL) and White Blood Cells (WBC) of 3.0=109/L. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
139
/
177
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother, who complains of low-grade fever, chronic cough and night sweats in her child. She describes the cough as productive, producing white sputum that is sometimes streaked with blood. She also says thet her son has lost some weight in the last month. His vital sings include blood pressure of 115/75 mm Hg, heart rate of 110/min., respiratory rate of 18/min and temperature ot 36.6 C. On physical examination, the patient is ill looking. Pulmonary auscultation reveals some fine crackles 'in the right upper lobe. The pediatrician suspects an active infection and performs Mantoux test. Intradermal injection of which of the following substances has been most likely used by pediatrician for screening test in this clinical case?
140
/
177
A 37-year old female presents to the clinic complaining of severe pain in her left wrist and tingling sensation in her left thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and some part of her ring finger. Hie pain started as an occasional throb and she could ignore it or take ibuprofen but now the pain is much worse and wakes her up at night. She works as a typist and her pain mostly increases alter typing all day. Her right wrist and fingers are line Nerve conduction studies reveal ncive compression. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed in this patient?
141
/
177
A 45-year-old woman comes to her physician with complaints of excessive fatigue and weakness. She says that these symptoms have been present for the past month. On further questioning, she admits having lost 3 kilograms in the last 2 weeks. On physical examination, she is a tired-appearing thin woman. Hyperpigmentation is present over many areas of her body, most prominently over the face, neck and back of hands (areas exposed to light). Increased production of which of the following hormones is the most likely cause of hyperpigmentation in this patient?
142
/
177
A 40-year-old woman dies of intracerebral hemorrhage alter hypertensive emergency. During an autopsy, the pathologist reveals severe obesity, excess of body hair and wide purplish stria on the abdomen. Microscopic examination of pituitary gland reveals hyperplastic acini populated by a homogenous cluster of deeply basophilic cells. Which of the following was the most likely underlying disease
143
/
177
A 56-year-old man presents for a checkup. The patient says he has to urinate quite frequently, but denies any dysuria or pain on urination. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension, both managed medically. Current medications are metformin, aspirin, rosuvastaiin. captopril and furosemide Laboratory findings arc significant for the following: Glycated Hemoglobin (Hb A1c) - 8.0%. Fasting Blood Glucose - 12 mmol L. His doctor decides to add glibenclamide to the therapy. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of this drug's action?
144
/
177
After dehelmintization, a 35-year-old man passed a 3.5 m tapeworm during a bowel movement. A stool examination reveals scolex with four suckers and hooks. Mature proglottids are static with up to 12 primary uterine branches. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
145
/
177
A mother of a 4-month-old male infant brought him to pediatrician with complaints of food rejection and weight loss. He started having trouble latching onto his bottle. He has also become extremely lethargic. Examination reveals diminished muscle tone in all four limbs, and hepatosplenomegaly. An ophthalmoscopic exam reveals macular cherry red spots. During the next few weeks, hepatosplenomegaly progresses, the boy fails to thrive, and he continues to reject food. Chest X-ray shows a reticulonodular pattern and calcified nodules. Biopsy of the liver shows foamy histiocytes. A Niemann-Pick disease is suspected. Which of the following is the most likely deficient enzyme in this patient?
146
/
177
An unidentified surgical specimen is received for histopathologic analysis. A portion of the specimen is cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Under the microscope, you see an organ encapsulated by dense connective tissue that extends to the deeper areas by way of the trabecular extensions. The organ can be subdivided into two regions: a cortex with lymphoid
nodules and medulla with medullary cords populated by plasma cells, B-cells and T-cells.
Which of the following structures is most likely the origin of this surgical specimen?
147
/
177
A team of medical students is performing research on phases of cell cycle. During one of the mitotic phases the cell is nearly done dividing, the chromosomes decondense and two nuclei begin to form around them. Which of the following phases most likely takes place in ihe cell?
148
/
177
A 20-year-old female comes to the clinic after missing her last 2 periods. Her cycles are usually regular, occurring at 28-30 day interval with moderate bleeding and some abdominal discomfort. She also complains of progressively diminishing peripheral vision. Her doctor reveals loss of vision in the lateral halves of both eyes. Involvement of which of the following structures would you most likely expect to be the reason of bitemporal hemianopsia?
149
/
177
A 54-year-old woman has a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma. 11 hours after operation she complains of tingling around her mouth. On physical examination, the Trousseau's sign and Chvostek’s sign are present. Her condition rapidly deteriorates with laryngospasm and focal seizures. The suigeon suggests surgical destruction of parathyroid glands. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient`s neurologic abnormality?
150
/
177
A woman complains of раіп іп the right іlіас region. Palpation detects there a soft, movie, and painful intestine. What intestine is being palpated?
151
/
177
An experiment has demonstrated that after exposure to ultrav radiation the dermal cells of the patients with xeroderma pigmentosum are slower to restore the native DNA structure than they are in the healthy individuals due to deficiency of the DNA repair enzyme. What enzyme takes part in the repair process?
152
/
177
Blood serum analysis of the patient with acute hepatitis shows increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). What changes on the cellular level can result in such developments?
153
/
177
The disease onset occurred 3 days ago. The patient complains of body temperature up to 38°C,
stomachache, and frequent loose bloody stools. Bacillary dysentery was clinically diagnosed in the patient. What method of microbiological diagnostics would be advisable in this case and what samples should be obtained from the patient to confirm this diagnosis?
154
/
177
In the morning a man diagnosed with diabetes mellitus received a prescribed dose of long-
acting insulin on an empty stomach. He missed his regular meal and soon after that he developed weakness, headache, and vertigo, body tremors, convulsions, feeling of hunger, and signs of hypoglycemia. Glucose administration did not improve the patient’s condition. What medicine should be administered to provide quick relief to the patient?
155
/
177
A man complaining of memory deterioration, reduced mental capabilities, sleep disorders, and
vertigo was brought to the neurologic department. The patient explains these symptoms as consequences of the brain concussion received in a traffic accident 2 years ago. Choose the drug that can improve the patient’s brain metabolism and would be the most advisable in this case:
156
/
177
Autopsy of the body shows that the soft meninges of the deceased individual are plethoric,
thickened, opaque, and yellow-green colored. What type of exudative inflammation can be characterized by such changes in the soft meninges?
157
/
177
Mass mortality of rodents was observed in one of the mountain villages. Simultaneously there occurred a disease outbreak in the local population. The disease manifested by rapidly progressive fever up to 40°C, marked intoxication, and enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes. Smear preparations made from autopsy specimens contained gram-negative ovoid bacilli with bipolar staining. What microorganism is the causative agent of this disease?
158
/
177
A 36-year-old woman suffers from a connective tissue disease (collagenosis). What metabolite is the most likely to be increased in her urine?
159
/
177
A 34-year-old woman was diagnosed with hereditary spherocytosis (hereditary
microspherocytic hemolytic anemia, Minkowski-Chauffard syndrome). What mechanism leads to erythrocyte hemolysis in the patient?
160
/
177
A patient has an incised wound on the posterior surface of his thigh and is unable to flex his lower leg. What muscles were damaged?
161
/
177
After intensive training session an athlete presents with significant loss off vascular tone in the working muscles. These changes are caused by accumulation of the following in the vessels:
162
/
177
The cell was exposed to mutagenic factor which resulted in DNA molecule losing 2 nucleotide pairs. What type of mutation occurred in the DNA?
163
/
177
Permeability of the excitable cell membrane to potassium ions was increased in an experiment. What changes in the membrane potential will occur?
164
/
177
An unconscious patient was brought into the hospital. The smell of acetone can be detected from the patient’s mouth. Blood glucose - 25 mmol/L, ketone bodies -0.57 mmol/L. What hormone deficiency can result in the development of this condition?
165
/
177
A patient has developed systemic (megaloblastic) anemia despite eating a balanced diet. The day before he underwent a gastric surgical resection. The anemia in this patient is caused by the deficiency of:
166
/
177
A patient was hospitalized with diagnosis of an intestinal carcinoid. Laboratory analysis detects increased synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan. This process is based on the following biological mechanism:
167
/
177
A patient with ciliary arrhythmia was prescribed digoxin. What mechanism of action of this medicine results in its antiarrhythmic effect?
168
/
177
Thoracic duct rupture has occurred in a weightlifter, when he was lifting the bar. The injury to the thoracic duct is the most likely to be localized in the area of:
169
/
177
A man was brought to the hospital in a severe condition: facial edemas, myalgia, high temperature, and respiratory distress. History-taking revealed that the patient’s family regularly consumes untested pork. What helminth can be the cause of such symptoms?
170
/
177
Blood sample poured into a test tube has clotted within 6 minutes. The test tube was then put into a thermostat and in 24 hours the blood clot was destroyed due to activation of:
171
/
177
Autopsy of the body of a 48-year-old man shows that the bone marrow in the flat bones, as well as in the cylindrical bone diaphyses and epiphyses, is moist, colored gray-red or gray-yellow, and puriform (pyoid bone marrow). The spleen weight is 7 kg; it is dark red on section, with signs of ischemic infarctions. All the lymph nodes are enlarged, soft, and gray-red in color. In the liver there are signs of fatty degeneration and leukemic infiltrates. What is the most likely diagnosis?
172
/
177
A 52-year-old woman suffering from breast cancer had undergone a course of radiation therapy. As a result the tumor diminished in size. What mechanism of cell damage ensures effectiveness of radiation therapy?
173
/
177
A person has memorized a phone number for a short period of time (a few seconds). After making a call the person was unable to reproduce this sequence of numbers. In this case the process of memorizing was based on the following type of memory:
174
/
177
A 27-year-old woman suffering from rheumatic heart disease since her childhood has
developed cardiac decompensation and died. Autopsy shows mitral stenosis; mitral valve cusps are sharply thickened, sclerotic, and fused together along the closure line. Specify the type of endocarditis in this case:
175
/
177
A patient with ischemic heart disease was prescribed a calcium channel blocker. Name this drug:
176
/
177
Analysis detects glucose and amino acids in the primary urine. In the residual urine they are absent due to tubular reabsorption of these substances. Where in the nephron does this process occur?
177
/
177
Histologic specimen of an ovary shows a follicle in its cortical substance. The follicle consists of a primary oocyte, transparent membrane, and one layer of prismatic cells. Specify the type of the follicle: