Step 1 - Medicine 2015

A patient diagnosed with focal tuberculosis of the upper lobe of the right lung had been taking isoniazid as a part of combination therapy. After some time, the patient reported of muscle weakness, decreased skin sensitivity, blurred vision, impaired motor coordination. Which vitamin preparation should be used to address these phenomena?

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

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A 60-year-old male patient has a 9-year history of diabetes and takes insulin Semi-lente for the correction of hyperglycemia. 10 days ago he began taking anaprilin for hypertension. One hour after administration of the antihypertensive drug the patient developed hypoglycemic coma. What is the mechanism of hypoglycemia in case of anaprilin use?

Increase of insulin Semilente half-life

Increase of bioavailability of insulin Semilente

Reduction of glucagon half-life

Decrease in glucose absorption

Inhibition of glycogenolysis

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Pterin derivatives (aminopterin and methotrexate) are the inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase, so that they inhibit the regeneration of tetrahydrofolic acid from dihydrofolate. These drugs inhibit the intermolecular tranfer of monocarbon groups, thus suppressing the synthesis of the following polymer:

DNA

Protein

Homopolysaccharides

Gangliosides

Glycosaminoglycans

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A child with suspected tuberculosis was given Mantoux test. After 24 hours the site of the allergen injection got swollen, hyperemic and painful. What are the main components that determine such response of the body?

Granulocytes, T-lymphocytes and IgG

Macrophages, B-lymphocytes and monocytes

Plasma cells, T-lymphocytes and lymphokines

Mononuclear cells, T-lymphocytes and lymphokines

B-lymphocytes, IgM

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Hemoglobin catabolism results in release of iron which is transported to the bone marrow by a certain transfer protein and used again for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Specify this transfer protein:

Albumin

Haptoglobin

Transcobalamin

Ceruloplasmin

Transferrin (siderophilin)

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A 12-year-old boy has been hospitalized for suspected food poisoning. The fecal samples were inoculated on the Endo agar, which resulted in growth of a large number of colorless colonies. What microorganism is most likely to be EXCLUDED from the list of possible causative agents of the disease?

Proteus vulgaris

Escherichia coli

Yersinia enterocolitica

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Salmonella enteritidis

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A 23-year-old patient has been admitted to a hospital with a craniocerebral injury. The patient is in a grave condition. Respiration is characterized by prolonged convulsive inspiration followed by a short expiration. What kind of respiration is it typical for?

Kussmaul’s

Biot’s

Gasping breath

Apneustic

Cheyne-Stokes

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It has been experimentally proven that the excitation of the motor neurons of flexor muscles is accompanied by the inhibition of the motor neurons of extensor muscles. What type of inhibition underlies this phenomenon?

Inhibition after excitation

Lateral

Feedback

Reciprocal

Pessimal

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A 3-year-old boy with pronounced hemorrhagic syndrome doesn’t have antihemophilic globulin A (factor VIII) in the blood plasma. Hemostasis has been impaired at the following stage:

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Blood clot retraction

Internal mechanism of prothrombinase activation

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

External mechanism of prothrombinase activation

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A patient got a gunshot wound of hip which damaged the sciatic nerve. Any impact on the affected limb causes severe, excruciating pain. What mechanism of pain is most likely in this case?

Endorphin hypofunction

Causalgic

Reflex

Enkephalin hypofunction

Phantom

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A 60-year-old patient with a long history of stenocardia takes coronarodilator agents. He has also been administered acetylsalicylic acid to reduce platelet aggregation. What is the mechanism of antiplatelet action of acetylsalicylic acid?

It reduces the activity of phosphodiesterase

It reduces the activity of cyclooxygenase

It enhances the synthesis of prostacyclin

It enhances the activity of platelet adenylate cyclase

It has membrane stabilizing effect

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A patient with bronchial asthma has developed acute respiratory failure. What kind of respiratory failure occurs in this case?

Obstructive disturbance of alveolar ventilation

Diffusion

Perfusion

Dysregulation of alveolar ventilation

Restrictive ventilatory defect

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On the fifth day after the acute blood loss a patient has been diagnosed with hypochromic anemia. What is the main mechanism of hypochromia development?

Increased destruction of red blood cells in the spleen

Impaired iron absorption in the intestines

Increased excretion of body iron

Release of immature red blood cells from the bone marrow

Impaired globin synthesis

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A patient with diabetes developed a diabetic coma due to the acid-base imbalance. Specify the kind of this imbalance:

Non-gaseous alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

Gaseous alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

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A girl receives antibiotics of the penicillin group for acute bronchitis. On the third day of treatment she developed allergic dermatitis. Which drug should be administered?

Beclomethasone

Cromolyn sodium

Ephedrine hydrochloride

Loratadine

Levamisole

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A female patient has been diagnosed with cervical erosion, which is a precancerous pathology. What defense mechanism can prevent the development of a tumor?

High-dose immunological tolerance

Increase in natural killer level (NK-cells)

Simplification of the antigenic structure of tissues

Low-dose immunological tolerance

Increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes

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Microscopy of the coronary artery of a dead 53-year-old patient revealed luminal occlusion due to a fibrous plaque with some lipids. The most likely form of atherosclerosis in this case is:

Atheromatosis

Liposclerosis

Ulceration

Prelipid stage

Lipidosis

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Autopsy of the patient revealed bone marrow hyperplasia of tubular and flat bones (pyoid marrow), splenomegaly (6 kg) and hepatomegaly (5 kg), enlargement of all lymph node groups. What disease are the identified changes typical for?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Multiple myeloma

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Hodgkin’s disease

Polycythemia vera

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As a result of an injury a patient cannot extend his arm at the elbow. This may cause abnormal functioning of the following muscle:

Musculus infraspinatus

Musculus subscapularis

Musculus triceps brachii

Musculus teres major

Musculus levator scapulae

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A man sitting with his eyes closed, undergoes electroencephalography. What rhythm will be recorded on the EEG if there is an audible signal?

Gamma rhythm

Delta rhythm

Beta rhythm

Theta rhythm

Alpha rhythm

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Electrophoretic study of a blood serum sample, taken from the patient with pneumonia, revealed an increase in one of the protein fractions. Specify this fraction:

a2-globulins

3- globulins

a1-globulins

y-globulins

Albumins

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Examination of an 18-year-old girl revealed the following features: hypoplasia of the ovaries, broad shoulders, narrow pelvis, shortening of the lower extremities, 'sphinx neck'. Mental development is normal. The girl was diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome. What kind of chromosome abnormality is it?

Nullisomy X

Trisomy X

Trisomy18

Monosomy X

Trisomy 13

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Hypertrichosis is the Y-linked character. The father has hypertrichosis, and the mother is healthy. In this family, the probability of having a child with hypertrichosis is:

0,125

0,625

1

0, 25

0,5

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A casualty has a fracture in the region of the inner surface of the left ankle. What is the most likely site for the fracture?

Astragalus

Calcaneus

Lower third of the fibula

Medial malleolus

Lateral malleolus

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Some infectious diseases caused by bacteria are treated with sulfanilamides which block the synthesis of bacteria growth factor. What is the mechanism of their action?

They inhibit the absorption of folic acid

They are antivitamins of para-amino benzoic acid

They are allosteric enzyme inhibitors

They are involved in redox processes

They are allosteric enzymes

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A 42-year-old male patient with gout has an increased blood uric acid concentration. In order to reduce the level of uric acid the doctor administered him allopurinol. Allopurinol is the competitive inhibitor of the following enzyme:

Hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase

Guanine deaminase

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase

Xanthine oxidase

Adenosine deaminase

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A 40-year-old female patient diagnosed with acute pancreatitis has been delivered to the admission department of a regional hospital. What drug should be administered the patient in the first place?

Contrycal

Platyphyllin

Atropine

Pirenzepine

Metacin

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A patient consulted a doctor about being unable to abduct his right arm after a past trauma. Examination revealed that the passive movements were not limited. The patient was found to have the atrophy of the deltoid muscle. What nerve is damaged?

Axillary

Suprascapular

Median

Radial

Ulnar

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After a trauma of the upper third of the anterior forearm a patient exhibits difficult pronation, weakening of palmar flexor muscles and impaired skin sensitivity of 1-3 fingers. Which nerve has been damaged?

n. radialis

n. ulnaris

n. medianus

n. cutaneus antebrachii medialis

n. musculocutaneus

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A 38-year-old female patient complains of general weakness, cardiac pain, increased appetite, no menstruation. Objectively: the height is 166 cm, weight 108 kg, the patient has moonshaped face, subcutaneous fat is deposited mainly in the upper body, torso and hips. There are also blood-red streaks. Ps- 62/min, AP-160/105 mm Hg. Which of the following diseases is the described pattern of obesity most typical for?

Babinski-Frohlich syndrome

Alimentary obesity

Cushing pituitary basophilism

Myxedema

Insulinoma

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A 60-year-old patient with a long history of atherosclerosis and a previous myocardial infarction developed an attack of retrosternal pain. 3 days later the patient was hospitalized and then died of progressive cardiovascular insufficiency. At autopsy a white fibrous depressed area about 3 cm in diameter with clear boundaries was found in the posterior wall of the left ventricle and interventricular septum. The dissector evaluated these changes as:

Myocarditis

Myocardial degeneration

Focal cardiosclerosis

Myocardial ischemia

Myocardial infarction

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Measurements of the arterial pCO2 and pO2 during an attack of bronchial asthma revealed hypercapnia and hypoxemia respectively. What kind of hypoxia occurred in this case?

Histotoxic

Circulatory

Hemic

Respiratory

Tissue

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A female patient with bronchial asthma had taken prednisolone tablets (1 tablet 3 times a day) for 2 months. Due to a significant improvement of her condition the patient suddenly stopped taking it. What complication is likely to develop in this case?

Upper body obesity

Withdrawal syndrome

Cushing’s syndrome

Hypotension

Gastrorrhagia

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A patient with suspected dysentery has been admitted to the infectious diseases hospital. Which basic method of laboratory diagnosis must be applied in the first place?

Serological

Microscopic

Biological

Bacteriological

Allergic

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During a surgery with the use of hygronium the patient had an abrupt fall in blood pressure. Blood pressure can be normalized by the representatives of the following drug group:

o-adrenergic agonists

Ganglionic blockers

M-cholinergic agents

o-blockers

N-cholinergic agents

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A patient with respiratory failure has blood pH of 7,35. pCO2 test revealed hypercapnia. Urine pH test revealed an increase in the urine acidity. What form of acid-base imbalance is the case?

Compensated respiratory acidosis

Decompensated respiratory alkalosis

Compensated metabolic acidosis

Decompensated metabolic acidosis

Compensated respiratory alkalosis

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On examination a patient was found to have medial strabismus, the inward deviation of the eyeball and inability to abduct the eyeball outwards. What nerve is damaged?

Abducent

Trochlear

Oculomotor

Visual

Ocular

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A patient with a dislocated shoulder had been admitted to a hospital. With the purpose of skeletal muscle relaxation he was given an injection of relaxant dithylinum acting normally 5-7 minutes. However, the effect of dithylinum in this patient lasted up to 8 hours. What is the most likely cause of the prolonged effect of dithylinum in this patient?

Material accumulation of the drug

Genetic deficiency of blood cholinesterase

Reduced drug excretion

Reduced activity of microsomal liver enzymes

Potentiation by another drug

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As a result of an injury of the knee joint a patient shows a drawer sign, that is the anterior and posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur. What ligaments are damaged?

Collateral ligaments

Oblique popliteal ligament

Arcuate popliteal ligaments

Interosseous membrane

Cruciate ligaments

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The neurosurgical department has admitted a 54-year-old male complaining of no sensitivity in the lower eyelid skin, lateral surface of nose, upper lip. On examination the physician revealed the inflammation of the second branch of the trigeminal nerve. This branch comes out of the skull through the following foramen:

Superior orbital fissure

Round foramen

Oval foramen

Spinous foramen

Lacerated foramen

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Bacteriological examination of purulent discharges from the urethra revealed some gramnegative beanshaped bacteria located in the leukocytes. They can be identified as the causative agent of the following disease:

Trichomoniasis

Gonorrhea

Venereal lymphogranulomatosis

Syphilis

Chancroid

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A male patient is 28 years old. Histological study of a cervical lymph node revealed a change of its pattern due to the proliferation of epithelioid, lymphoid cells and macrophages having nuclei in form of a horseshoe. In the center of some cell clusters there were non-structured light-pink areas with fragments of nuclei. What disease are these changes typical for?

Actinomycosis

Tumor metastasis

Syphilis

Hodgkin’s disease

Tuberculosis

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A 35-year-old male patient has been referred by an andrologist for the genetic counselling for the deviations of physical and mental development. Objectively: the patient is tall, has asthenic constitution, gynecomastia, mental retardation. Microscopy of the oral mucosa cells revealed sex chromatin (single Barr body) in 30% of cells. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Down syndrome

Recklinghausen’s disease

Klinefelter syndrome

Cushing pituitary basophilism

DiGeorge syndrome

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A patient with jaundice has high total bilirubin that is mainly indirect (unconjugated), high concentration of stercobilin in the stool and urine. The level of direct (conjugated) bilirubin in the blood plasma is normal. What kind of jaundice can you think of?

Mechanical

Parenchymal (hepatic)

Neonatal jaundice

Gilbert’s disease

Hemolytic

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A male with a lesion of one of the CNS parts has asthenia, muscular dystonia, balance disorder. Which CNS part has been affected?

Cerebellum

Red nuclei

Reticular formation

Vestibular nuclei

Black substance

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A 50-year-old patient has been administered laevomycetin for the treatment of typhoid fever, but on the next day the patient’s condition worsened, the temperature rose to 39,60C. The deterioration of the patient’s condition can be explained by:

Secondary infection

Effects of endotoxins of the causative agent

Insensitivity of the pathogen to laevomycetin

Allergic reaction

Re-infection

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A 12-year-old patient has been admitted to a hospital for hemarthrosis of the knee joint. From early childhood he suffers from frequent bleedings. Diagnose the boy’s disease:

Hemolytic anemia

Hemorrhagic vasculitis

Hemophilia

Thrombocytopenic purpura

B12 (folic acid)-deficiency anemia

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Examination of a patient with ischemic heart disease revealed the impaired venous blood flow in the territory of the cardiac vein running in the anterior interventricular sulcus of heart. What vein is it?

V posterior ventriculi sinistri

V. cordis parva

V. cordis media

V cordis magna

V obliqua atrii sinistri

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For the direct injection of medications into the liver surgeons use the round ligament of liver. This manipulation involves bougienage (lumen dilatation) of the following vessel:

A. hepatica propria

V umbilicalis

V. porta

Ductus venosus

A. umbilicalis

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A patient with lobar pneumonia has had body temperature of 39oC with daily temperature fluctuation of no more than 1oC for 9 days. This fever can be characterized by the following temperature curve:

Hyperpyretic

Remittent

Hectic

Persistent

Recurrent

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The temperature in a production room is 36oC. Relative air humidity is 80%. Under these conditions the human body transfers heat mainly through:

Radiation

-

Heat conduction

Sweat evaporation

Convection

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A hospitalized patient bitten by a rabid animal has an avulsive wound of shin. What kind of vaccine must be given to prevent rabies?

TABte

DTaP

Td

Anti-rabies vaccine

BCG

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At autopsy the occipital lobe of brain was found to have a cavity 2,5x1,5 cm large filled with a transparent liquid. The cavity had smooth brownish walls. What process had developed in the brain?

A cyst on the site of the softening of the cerebrocortical grey matter

Paracephalia

Cyst on the site of a hemorrhage

Brain abscess

Softening of the cerebrocortical grey matter

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A child entering the school for the first time was given Mantoux test in order to determine if there was a need for revaccination. The reaction was negative. What is the meaning of this test result?

No antibodies to the tuberculosis bacteria

No anti-toxic immunity to tuberculosis

Availability of cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis

Presence of antibodies to the tuberculosis bacteria

No cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis

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Study of the biopsy material revealed a granuloma consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages with foamy cytoplasm (Mikulicz cells), many hyaline globules. What disease can you think of?

Rhinoscleroma

Tuberculosis

Syphilis

Actinomycosis

Leprosy

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Autopsy of a 78-year-old patient revealed that retroperitoneal tissue was soaked with blood, the abdominal aorta had a sacciform protrusion including a defect with irregular edges. The wall of the aorta was here and there of stone-like density. This is the complication of the following disease:

Essential hypertension

Atherosclerosis

Visceral syphilis

Marfan syndrome

Systemic vasculitis

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Glycogen polysaccharide is synthesized from the active form of glucose. The immediate donor of glucose residues during the glycogenesis is:

Glucose-3-phosphate

Glucose-1-phosphate

Glucose-6-phosphate

ADP-glucose

UDP-glucose

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After the diagnostic tests a 40-year-old male has been referred for the lymphography of the thoracic cavity. The surgeon revealed that the tumor had affected an organ whose lymphatic vessels drain directly into the thoracic duct. Specify this organ:

Heart

Pericardium

Trachea

Esophagus

Left main bronchus

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A patient with biliary dyskinesia and constipations has been prescribed a cholagogue having also a laxative effect. What drug has been administered?

Magnesium sulfate

Allochol

Cholenzyme

Nicodinum

Cholosas

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It is known that individuals with genetically caused deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may develop RBC hemolysis in response to the administration of some antimalarial drugs. Mani- festation of adverse reactions to drugs is called:

Idiosyncrasy

Sensibilization

Tolerance

Allergy

Tachyphylaxis

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A 40-year-old patient with the progressing staphylococcal purulent periodontitis developed purulent inflammation of bone marrow spaces of the alveolar process, and then of the body of mandible. Microscopy revealed thinning of bone trabeculae, foci of necrosis, bone sequesters surrounded by the connective tissue capsule. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Chronic osteomyelitis

Purulent abscess

Acute osteomyelitis

Chronic fibrous periostitis

Parodontome

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Curariform substances introduced into a human body cause the relaxation of all skeletal muscles. What changes in the neuromuscular synapse cause this phenomenon?

Blockade of N-cholinergic receptors of the synaptic membrane

Blockade of Ca2+ channels of the presynaptic membrane

Impaired acetylcholine release

Impaired cholinesterase synthesis

Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

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A number of diseases can be diagnosed by evaluating activity of blood transaminases. What vitamin is one of cofactors of these enzymes?

B8

Bi

B2

B6

B5

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After a car accident a 23-year-old male presented to the hospital with a cut wound of the anteromedial region of shoulder and arterial bleeding. Which artery was damaged?

A. axillaris

A. brachialis

A. subscapularis

A. profunda brachii

A. radialis

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During the operation on the small intestine the surgeon revealed an area of the mucous membrane with a single longitudinal fold among the circular folds. Which portion of the small intestine is this structure typical for?

Pars ascendens duodeni

Distal ileum

jejunum

Pars descendens duodeni

Pars horizontalis duodeni

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14 days after quinsy a 15-year-old child presented with morning facial swelling, high blood pressure, 'meat slops' urine. Immunohistological study of a renal biopsy sample revealed deposition of immune complexes on the basement membranes of the capillaries and in the glomerular mesangium. What disease developed in the patient?

Necrotizing nephrosis

Acute pyelonephritis

Acute interstitial nephritis

Acute glomerulonephritis

Lipoid nephrosis

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A diseased child has a high fever, sore throat, swelling of submandibular lymph nodes. Objectively: pharyngeal mucosa is edematous, moderately hyperemic, the tonsils are enlarged, covered with grayish membrane tightly adhering to the tissues above. Attempts to remove the membrane produce the bleeding defects. What disease are these presentations typical for?

Catarrhal tonsillitis

Measles

Scarlet fever

Meningococcal disease

Diphtheria

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Study of the biopsy material of an embryo revealed a zone of developmental abnormality in a somite. The zone was located close to the endoderm and the notochord. What formations may have abnormal development in case of pregnancy continuation?

Skeletal striated muscle tissue

Genito-urinary system

Fibrous connective tissue of skin

Skeletal tissues

Cardiac striated muscle tissue

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A smear of sputum from the patient with suspected lobar pneumonia was stained with the use of the following stains and reagents: solution of gentian violet, Lugol’s solution, 96° alcohol, water magenta. What staining method was applied in this case?

Romanovsky

Ziehl-Nielsen

Gram

Leffler

Neisser

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A patient has normally coloured stool including a large amount of free fatty acids. The reason for this is a disturbance of the following process:

Fat absorption

Fat hydrolysis

Choleresis

Lipase secretion

Biliary excretion

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Examination of the removed stomach revealed a deep roundish defect with regular edges at the lesser curvature of the antrum. The defect reached the muscular tunic and was 1,5 cm in diameter. Within the defect floor there was a translucent dense area resembling of a hyaline cartilage. What process had developed in the floor of the stomach defect?

Mucoid swelling

Fibrinoid alterations

Local hyalinosis

Amyloidosis

General hyalinosis

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By the decarboxylation of glutamate in the CNS an inhibitory mediator is formed. Name it:

Serotonin

Asparagine

Histamine

GABA

Glutathione

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Thermometry revealed that the temperature of the exposed skin is by 11,5° lower than the temperature of the adjacent areas covered with clothing from natural fabrics. The reason for this is that the clothes reduce the heat loss through:

Convection

-

Conduction

Radiation

Evaporation

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A specimen of pia mater includes a vessel whose wall doesn’t have the tunica media, the tunica externa is adherent to the surrounding tissues, the intima is composed of a basement membrane and endothelium. What vessel is it?

Artery of mixed type

Muscular vein with underdeveloped muscular elements

Arteriole

Nonmuscular vein

Muscular artery

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A patient with extensive burns of torso skin exhibits signs of severe intoxication. What stage of the burn disease is this typical for?

Burn toxemia

Burn infection

Burn shock

Terminal

Burn emaciation

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As a result of a craniocerebral injury a patient has a decreased skin sensitivity. What area of the cerebral cortex may be damaged?

Frontal cortex

Posterior central gyrus

Cingulate gyrus

Occipital region

Anterior central gyrus

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A histological specimen of the eyeball shows a biconvex structure connected to the ciliary body by the fibers of the Zinn’s zonule and covered with a transparent capsule. Name this structure:

Cornea

Sclera

Ciliary body

Crystalline lens

Vitreous body

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A comatose patient was taken to the hospital. He has a history of diabetes mellitus. Objectively: Kussmaul breathing, low blood pressure, acetone odor of breath. After the emergency treatment the patient’s condition improved. What drug had been administered to the patient?

Glibenclamide

Isadrinum

Insulin

Adrenaline

Furosemide

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In order to stimulate breathing in a child born with asphyxia, the doctor gave him a drug injection into the umbilical vein. What drug might have been injected?

Coffeinum

Corazolum

Sulfocamphocainum

Aethimizolum

Cordiaminum

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A patient complains of pain in the right lateral abdomen. Palpation revealed a dense, immobile, tumor-like formation. A tumor is likely to be found in the following part of the digestive tube:

Colon descendens

Colon transversum

Caecum

Colon sigmoideum

Colon ascendens

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A patient underwent biopsy of the soft palate arches for a suspected tumor (macroscopy revealed an ulcer with a dense floor). Study of the biopsy material revealed mucosal necrosis with infiltration of lymphocytes, epithelioid cells, plasma cells, single neutrophils in the submucosa. There were also apparent signs of endovasculitis and perivasculitis. The described changes are typical for:

Aphthous stomatitis

Primary syphilis

Pharyngeal diphtheria

Ulcerative stomatitis

Necrotizing ulcerative Vincent stomatitis

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Healthy parents with unremarkable family history have the child with multiple developmental defects. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the trisomy 13 in the somatic cells (Patau syndrome). What phenomenon has caused the defects?

Chromosomal mutation

Abnormal gametogenesis

Dominant mutation

Somatic mutation

Recessive mutation

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A specimen shows an organ covered with the connective tissue capsule with trabeculae radiating inward the organ. There is also cortex containing some lymph nodules, and medullary cords made of lymphoid cells. What organ is under study?

Thymus

Red bone marrow

Tonsils

Lymph node

Spleen

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A 25-year-old patient consulted a doctor about dysmenorrhea and infertility. Examination revealed that the patient was 145 cm high and had underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, alar folds on the neck. Cytological study didn’t reveal any Barr bodies in the somatic cells. What diagnosis was made?

-

Morris syndrome

Trisomy X syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner’s syndrome

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To prevent attacks of acute pancreatitis a doctor prescribed the patient trasylol (contrycal, gordox), which is an inhibitor of:

Gastricsin

Trypsin

Carboxypeptidase

Elastase

Chymotrypsin

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A patient died from progressive heart failure. Autopsy revealed that the heart was enlarged in diameter, flabby. The muscle section exhibited irregular blood supply. Histological study of myocardium revealed hyperemia, the stroma was found to have lymphohistiocytic infiltrates with degeneration of cardiomyocytes. The revealed morphological changes are indicative of:

Cardiosclerosis

Non-purulent interstitial myocarditis

Venous plethora

Myocardial infarction

Cardiomyoliposis

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A 13-year-old teenager underwent X-ray examination of the hip joint. Examination revealed a 3 mm wide radiolucent zone between the head and the shaft of femur. This situation should be evaluated as:

Normal (incomplete process of ossification)

Fracture of the femoral neck

Radiographic film artifact

Dislocation of the femoral head

Fissured fracture of the femoral neck

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A surgeon examined the patient and found the injury of the upper third of the kidney. Considering the syntopy of the left kidney, the intactness of the following organ should be checked at the same time:

Stomach

Transverse colon

Liver

Small intestine

Descending colon

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A patient with urolithiasis has unbearable spasmodic pain. To prevent pain shock, he has been given an injection of atropine along with a narcotic analgesic having antispasmodic effect. What drug was it?

Morphine hydrochloride

Nalorphine

Promedol

Tramadol

Ethylmorphine hydrochloride

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Despite the administration of cardiotonics and a thiazide diuretic a patient with chronic heart failure has persistent edemata, there is a risk of ascites. What medication should be administered in order to enhance the diuretic effect of the drugs used?

Amiloride

Furosemide

Manithol

Clopamide

Spironolactone

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A patient with a pathology of the cardiovascular system developed edemata of the lower extremities. What is the mechanism of cardiac edema development?

Lymph efflux disorder

Increased hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary

Increased hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of the capillary

Increased oncotic pressure

Reduced osmotic pressure

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During the fight, a man had a cardiac arrest due to the strong blow to the upper region of the anterior abdominal wall. Which of the following mechanisms has led to the cardiac arrest?

Peripheral reflexes

Parasympathetic unconditioned reflexes

Sympathetic unconditioned reflexes

Sympathetic conditioned reflexes

Parasympathetic conditioned reflexes

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A pregnant woman underwent AB0 blood typing. Red blood cells were agglutinated with standard sera of the I and II blood groups, and were not agglutinated with the III group serum. What is the patient’s blood group?

B(III)

0( I )

-

AB(IV)

A(II)

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Amniocentesis revealed two sex chromatin bodies (Barr bodies) in each cell of the sample. What disease is this character typical for?

Klinefelter syndrome

Turner’s syndrome

Down’s syndrome

Trisomy X

Patau syndrome

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A hospital has admitetd a patient complaining of abdominal bloating, diarrhea, flatulence after eating protein foods. These signs are indicative of the impaired digestion of proteins and their increased degradation. Which of the following compounds is the product of this process?

Bilirubin

Agmatine

Indole

Putrescine

Cadaverine

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An attack of tachycardia that occurred in a patient was stopped by pressing on his eyeballs. Which of the following reflexes underlies this phenomenon?

Aschner

Bernard’s

Goltz

Bainbridge

Hering

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A male patient has been diagnosed with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. It is most likely that the lesion of the basement membrane of renal corpuscles was caused by the following allergic reaction:

Cytotoxic

Anaphylactic

Immune complex

Stimulating

Delayed

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An unconscious patient was taken by ambulance to the hospital. On objective examination the patient was found to have no reflexes, periodical convulsions, irregular breathing. After laboratory examination the patient was diagnosed with hepatic coma. Disorders of the central nervous system develop due to the accumulation of the following metabolite:

Histamine

Ammonia

Bilirubin

Glutamine

Urea

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A 20-year-old male patient complains of general weakness, rapid fatigability, irritability, decreased performance, bleeding gums, petechiae on the skin. What vitamin deficiency may be a cause of these changes?

Folic acid

Riboflavin

Thiamine

Ascorbic acid

Retinol

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It is known that the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme plays an important part in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters. In what way does the enzyme inactivate these neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine)?

Hydrolysis

Oxidative deamination

Carboxylation

Removal of a methyl group

Addition of an amino group

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The cellular composition of exudate largely depends on the etiological factor of inflammation. What leukocytes are the first to get into the focus of inflammation caused by pyogenic bacteria?

Myelocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophilic granulocytes

Neutrophil granulocytes

Basophils

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At the end of the working day a worker of a hot work shop has been delivered to a hospital. The patient complains of a headache, dizziness, nausea, general weakness. Objectively: the patient is conscious, his skin is hyperemic, dry, hot to the touch. Heart rate is of 130/min. Respiration is rapid, superficial. What disorder of thermoregulation is most likely to have occurred in this patient?

Reduced heat production with no changes to the heat transfer

Increased heat production with no changes to the heat transfer

Increased heat transfer and heat production

Increased heat transfer and reduced heat production

Reduced heat transfer

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Alveolar space of the acinus was invaded by some bacteria which interacted with the surfactant. This led to the activation of the cells that are localized in the alveolar walls and on the surface. What cells are these?

Clara cells

Alveolar macrophages

Alveolocytes type II

Endothelial cells

Alveolocytes type I

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A 35-year-old male developed acute heart failure while running for a long time. What changes in the ionic composition can be observed in the cardiac muscle?

Reduction of Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the myocardium cells

Accumulation of Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the myocardium cells

Reduction of Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the extracellular space

Reduction of K + and Mg2+ ions in the extracellular space

Accumulation of K + and Mg2+ ions in the myocardium cells

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Workers of a conveyor workshop received recommendations for the effective organization of working time and higher working efficiency. What peculiarity of work in this workshop causes the greatest stress for the workers?

Social inefficiency of labor

Increased responsibility

State of 'operating rest'

Monotony of work

Increased intellectual component

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Mother of a boy who had recently returned from a summer camp found some small whitish insects up to 3 mm long on the child’s clothing. Specify the parasite:

Blattella germanica

Cimex lectularius

Pulex irritans

Phtirus pubis

Pediculus humanus humanus

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Histological examination of the removed skin neoplasm revealed clusters and cords of atypical cells of stratified squamous epithelium, growing into the underlying tissue. What diagnosis can be assumed?

Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma

Carcinoma in situ

Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma

Papilloma

Adenoma

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An 18-year-old male has been diagnosed with Marfan syndrome. Examination revealed a developmental disorder of connective tissue and eye lens structure, abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, arachnodactylia. What genetic phenomenon has caused the development of this disease?

Incomplete dominance

Pleiotropy

Complementarity

Multiple allelism

Codominance

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A patient has severe catarrhal symptoms. Material growth on Bordet-Gengou agar showed mercury-droplike colonies. Examination of the blood smears revealed some small ovoid grampositive bacilli sized 1-3 microns. What microorganisms were isolated?

Bordetella

Corynebacteria

Mycobacteria

Meningococcus

Brucella

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A 66-year-old patient with Parki- nson’s disease shows an improvement in locomotor activity after prolonged use of a certain drug which is converted to dopamine by the decarboxylation. What drug has the patient taken?

Naloxone

Chlorpromazine

Droperidol

Celecoxib

Levodopa

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Enzymatic jaundices are accompanied by abnormal activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase. What compound is accumulated in blood serum in case of these pathologies?

Choleglobin

Unconjugated bilirubin

Conjugated bilrubin

Hydrobilirubin

Dehydrobilirubin

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For the study of serum proteins various physical and physicochemical methods can be used. In particular, serum albumins and globulins can be separated by this method:

Refractometry

Spectrography

Polarography

Dialysis

Electrophoresis

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Negative environmental factors have caused the dysfunction of myosatellite cells. What function of the whole muscle fibre is likely to be changed in this case?

Contractile thermogenesis

Relaxation

Contraction

Regeneration

Trophism

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The laboratory for especially dangerous infections conducts microscopic examination of pathological material from a patient with suspected plague. The sample was stained by BurriGins technique. What property of the causative agent can be identified by this technique?

Presence of volutin granules

Capsule formation

Alkali resistance

Spore formation

Acid resistance

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Autopsy of a 62-year-old woman revealed a dense well-circumscribed node of 6 cm in diameter in the cranial cavity. The node was attached to the dura mater and histologically consisted of clusters and micro-concentric structures of endothelial cells, psammoma bodies. What kind of tumor was found at autopsy?

Glioblastoma

Cancer metastasis

Meningioma

Medulloblastoma

Melanoma

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Inherited diseases, such as mucopolysaccharidoses, are manifested in metabolic disorders of connective tissue, bone and joint pathologies. The sign of this disease is the excessive urinary excretion of the following substance:

Lipids

Amino acids

Glycosaminoglycans

Glucose

Urea

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An animal has an increased tonus of extensor muscles. This is the result of enhanced information transmission to the motoneurons of the spinal cord through the following descending pathways:

Reticulospinal

Vestibulospinal

Medial corticospinal

Rubrospinal

Lateral corticospinal

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A specimen of a parenchymal organ shows poorly delineated hexagonal lobules surrounding a central vein, and the interlobular connective tissue contains embedded triads (an 0artery, a vein and an excretory duct). What organ is it?

Thymus

Thyroid

Pancreas

Spleen

Liver

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A patient has been admitted to the infectious diseases department for malaise, fever up to 38 oC, jaundice. A few months ago, the patient underwent blood transfusion. The doctor suspected viral hepatitis B. What are the principal methods of laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B?

Serological and gene diagnostics

Isolation of the virus in chicken embryos

Isolation of the virus in laboratory animals (neutralization reaction)

Detection of virions in blood by electron microscopy

Virus isolation in cell culture and its identification by the cytopathic effects

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After resection of the middle third of the femoral artery obliterated by a thrombus the limb is supplied with blood through the bypasses. What artery plays the main part in the restoration of the blood flow?

Deep femoral artery

Superficial epigastric artery

External pudendal artery

Descending genicular artery

Superficial iliac circumflex artery

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During the intravenous transfusion of the saline the patient’s condition deteriorated dramatically, and the patient died from asphyxiation. Autopsy revealed acute venous congestion of internal organs with the dramatic right heart dilatation. When the right ventricle was punctured underwater, the bubbles escaped. What pathological process occurred in the patient?

Air embolism

Adipose embolism

Gaseous embolism

Tissue embolism

Thromboembolism

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At the post-mortem examination the stomach of a patient with renal failure was found to have a yellow-brown coating on the thickened mucosa. The coating was firmly adhering to its surface and had significant thickness. Microscopy revealed congestion and necrosis of mucosal and submucosal layers, fibrin presence. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Fibrinous gastritis

Croupous gastritis

Corrosive gastritis

Gastric abscess

Esogastritis

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Infectious diseases are treated with antibiotics (streptomycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol). They inhibit the following stage of protein synthesis:

Translation

Splicing

Processing

Transcription

Replication

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Diseases of the respiratory system and circulatory disorders impair the transport of oxygen, thus leading to hypoxia. Under these conditions the energy metabolism is carried out by anaerobic glycolysis. As a result, the following substance is generated and accumulated in blood:

Citric acid

Fumaric acid

Lactic acid

Glutamic acid

Pyruvic acid

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A patient has been hospitalized for a suspected tumor of the prostate. During the surgery, it was revealed that the tumor invaded the bladder. Which part of the bladder was affected?

-

Bottom

Body

Cervix

Apex

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A casualty with an injury of the temporal region has been diagnosed with epidural hematoma. Which of the arteries is most likely to be damaged?

Medial membranous artery

Anterior membranous artery

Superficial temporal artery

Posterior auricular artery

Medial cerebral artery

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A 19-year-old male was found to have an elevated level of potassium in the secondary urine. These changes might have been caused by the increase in the following hormone level:

Aldosterone

Oxytocin

Glucagon

Adrenaline

Testosterone

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Analysis of the ECG revealed the missing of several PQRST cycles. The remaining waves and complexes are not changed. Specify the type of arrhythmia:

Atrioventricular block

Atrial premature beat

Sinoatrial block

Intra-atrial block

Atrial fibrillation

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ECG of a patient displays an abnormally long R wave (up to 0,18 s). This is caused by a decrease in the conduction velocity of the following heart structures:

Atrio-ventricular node

Left ventricle

Atria

Ventricles

Right ventricle

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6 hours after the myocardial infarction a patient was found to have elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase in blood. What isoenzyme should be expected in this case?

LDH4

LDH1

LDH5

LDH3

LDH2

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A 46-year-old female is scheduled for a maxillofacial surgery. It is known that the patient is prone to high blood coagulation. What natural anticoagulant can be used to prevent blood clotting?

Sodium citrate

None of the above-listed substances

Fibrinolysin

Hirudin

Heparin

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A 50-year-old patient with food poisoning is on a drip of 10% glucose solution. It not only provides the body with necessary energy, but also performs the function of detoxification by the production of a metabolite that participates in the following conjugation reaction:

Sulfation

Methylation

Glycosylation

Hydroxylation

Glucuronidation

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To assess the effectiveness of breathing in patients, the indicator of functional residual capacity is used. It includes the following volumes:

Expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume and residual volume

Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, residual volume

Inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

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It is required to evaluate the level of tissue excitability. For this purpose one should determine:

Resting potential

Action potential amplitude

Depolarization threshold

Critical level of depolarization

Action potential duration

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Due to the use of poor-quality measles vaccine for preventive vaccination, a 1-year-old child developed an autoimmune renal injury. The urine was found to contain macromolecular proteins. What process of urine formation was disturbed?

Reabsorption and secretion

Secretion

Secretion and filtration

Filtration

Reabsorption

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A patient has been administered an anti-inflammatory drug that blocks the action of cyclooxygenase. Specify this anti-inflammatory agent:

Creatine

Analgene

Thiamin

Allopurinol

Aspirin

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A pneumonia patient has been administered acetylcysteine as a part of complex therapy. What principle of therapy was taken into consideration when applying this drug?

Immunomodulatory

Etiotropic

Symptomatic

Antimicrobial

Pathogenetic

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A 26-year-old female patient with bronchitis has been administered a broad spectrum antibiotic as a causal treatment drug. Specify this drug:

BCG vaccine

Dexamethasone

Ambroxol

Doxycycline

Interferon

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A 65-year-old male suddenly lost the vision in one eye due to the retinal detachment. The patient underwent enucleation. Histological examination of the removed eye retina and choroid revealed clusters of atypical cells with marked polymorphism of cells and nuclei, with a moderate number of mitoses including the pathological ones. The cell cytoplasm and intercellular medium contained brown pigment giving a positive DOPA reaction. Perls’ reaction was negative. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Pigmented mole

Cysticercosis

Wilson’s disease

Melanoma

Hemorrhage

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A child cut his leg with a piece of glass while playing and was brought to the clinic for the injection of tetanus toxoid. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock the serum was administered by Bezredka method. What mechanism underlies this method of desensitization of the body?

Binding of IgE receptors to the mast cells

Stimulation of the synthesis of antigen-specific IgG

Stimulation of immune tolerance to the antigen

Blocking the mediator synthesis in the mast cells

Binding of IgE fixed to the mast cells

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Microscopy of the myocardium of a patient who had died from heart failure revealed foci of fibrinoid necrosis located diffusely in the interstitial stroma, and often around the vessels. Such foci were surrounded by lymphocytes, macrophages, histiocytes. Pericardium was found to have signs of sero-fibrinous pericarditis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

-

Cardiomyopathy

Rheumatic heart disease

Myocardial infarction

Cardiosclerosis

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One of the factors that cause obesity is the inhibition of fatty acids oxidation due to:

Impaired phospholipid synthesis

Lack of carbohydrates in the diet

Excessive consumption of fatty foods

Choline deficiency

Low level of carnitine

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The genetic defect of pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is the cause of delayed physical and mental development and early death in children. This defect is characterized by lacticemia, lactaci-duria, disorder of a number of metabolic pathways. In particular, the following process is inhibited:

Glycolysis and glycogenolysis

Lipolysis and lipogenesis

Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis

Pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis

Citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis

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Deficiency of linoleic and linolenic acids in the body leads to the skin damage, hair loss, delayed wound healing, thrombocytopenia, low resistance to infections. These changes are most likely to be caused by the impaired synthesis of the following substances:

Interleukins

Eicosanoids

Catecholamines

Corticosteroids

Interferons

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During ventricular systole, the cardiac muscle does not respond to additional stimulation because it is in the phase of:

Subnormal excitability

There is no correct answer

Absolute refractoriness

Hyperexcitability

Relational refractoriness

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A mother had taken synthetic hormones during pregnancy. Her daughter was born with hirsutism formally resembling of adrenal syndrome. Such manifestation of variability is called:

Heterosis

Recombination

Mutation

Replication

Phenocopy

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Since a patient has had myocardial infarction, atria and ventricles contract independently from each other with a frequency of 60-70 and 35-40 per minute. Specify the type of heart block in this case:

Intraventricular

Intra-atrial

Complete atrioventricular

Partial atrioventricular

Sino-atrial

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A 67-year-old male patient consumes eggs, pork fat, butter, milk and meat. Blood test results: cholesterol - 12,3 mmol/l, total lipids - 8,2 g/l, increased low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL). What type of hyperlipoproteinemia is observed in the patient?

Hyperlipoproteinemia type I

Hyperlipoproteinemia type IIb

Hyperlipoproteinemia type IV

Cholesterol, hyperlipoproteinemia

Hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa

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A 12-year-old child has a viral infection complicated by obstructive bronchitis. Bronchospasm can be eliminated by inhalations of a drug from the following pharmacological group:

N-cholinomimetics

32- adrenergic blockers

Analeptics

/32-agonists

M-anticholinergics

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In course of an experiment there has been an increase in the nerve conduction velocity. This may be caused by an increase in the concentration of the following ions that are present in the solution around the cell:

K+ and ClC. K + and Na+

Na+

Ca2+

Ca2+ and Cl

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A male working as a blacksmith has been tested for auditory acuity. The tests revealed 50% hearing loss in the low-frequency range and a near-normal auditory acuity in the highfrequency range. This condition has been caused by the damage to the following structures of the auditory system:

Corti’s organ - closer to helicotrema

Eardrum

Median part of the Corti’s organ

Corti’s organ - closer to the oval foramen

Muscles of the middle ear

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In our country, routine preventive vaccinations against poliomyelitis ivolve using live vaccine that is administered orally. What immunoglobulins are responsible for the development of local post-vaccination immunity in this case?

IgE

Secretory IgA

Serum IgA

IgM

IgG

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An experiment proved that UV-irradiated skin cells of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum restore the native structure of DNA slower than the cells of healthy people due to the defect in repair enzyme. What enzyme takes part in this process?

RNA ligase

Primase

Endonuclease

DNA polymerase

DNA gyrase

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A patient who has recently come from an endemic area presents with elevated body temperature, headache, chills, malaise, that is with the symptoms which are typical for a common cold. What laboratory tests are necessary to confirm or to refute the diagnosis of malaria?

Study of cerebrospinal fluid

Urinalysis

Study of lymph node punctate

Microscopy of blood smears

Microscopy of bone marrow punctate

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What condition may develop 15-30 minutes after re-administration of the antigen as a result of the increased level of antibodies, mainly IgE, that are adsorbed on the surface of target cells, namely tissue basophils (mast cells) and blood basophils?

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

Immune complex hyperresponsiveness

Serum sickness

Anaphylaxis

Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity

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10 days after having quinsy caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus a 6-year-old child exhibited symptoms of glomerulonephritis. What mechanism of glomerular lesion is most likely in this case?

Anaphylaxis

Cellular cytotoxicity

Immunocomplex

Atopy

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis

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A 22-year-old woman ate some seafood. 5 hours later the trunk and the distal parts of limbs got covered with small itchy papules which were partially fused together. After one day, the rash disappeared spontaneously. Specify the hypersensitivity mechanism underlying these changes:

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis

Atopy (local anaphylaxis)

Immune complex hypersensitivity

Systemic anaphylaxis

Cellular cytotoxicity

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A hypertensive patient had been keeping to a salt-free diet and taking antihypertensive drugs together with hydrochlorothiazide for a long time. This resulted in electrolyte imbalance. What disorder of the internal environment occurred in the patient?

Metabolic acidosis

Hypochloremic alkalosis

Hypermagnesemia

Increase in circulating blood volume

Hyperkalemia

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A miner consulted a physician about the appearance of body rash followed by a loss of appetite, bloating, duodenal pain, frequent bowel movements, dizziness. Ovoscopic probes of feces and duodenal contents revealed some eggs covered with a transparent membrane through which 4-8 germinal cells could be seen. What disease is likely to have occurred in the patient?

Trichocephaliasis

Ancylostomiasis

Strongyloidiasis

Hymenolepiasis

Enterobiasis

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Children with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome have a severe form of hyperuri- cemia accompanied by the formation of tophi, urate calculi in the urinary tracts, as well as serious neuro-psychiatric disorders. The cause of this disease is the reduced activity of the following enzyme:

Karbamoyl phosphate synthetase

Xanthine oxidase

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphori-bosyltransferase

Dihydrofolate reductase

Thymidylate synthase

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In a car accident a man got injured and lost a lot of blood. What changes in peripheral blood are most likely to occur on the 2nd day after the injury?

Significant reticulocytosis

Microplania

Hypochromia

Anisocytosis

Erythropenia

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In the surgical ward, the dressing material was undergoing sterilization in an autoclave. Through an oversight of a nurse the mode of sterilization was changed and the temperature in the autoclave reached only 100oC instead of the due 120OC. What microorganisms can stay viable under these conditions?

Mold and yeast fungi

Staphylococci and streptococci

Corynebacteria and mycobacteria

Bacilli and clostridia

Salmonella and klebsiella

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As a result of a mechanical injury an over 10 cm long portion of a peripheral nerve was damaged. This led to the impairment of the upper limb activity. The patient was offered nerve transplantation. What glial cells will participate in regeneration and provide the trophism of the injured limb?

Ependymal cells

Fibrous cells

Microglia

Schwann cells

Protoplasmic cells

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A 26-year-old woman at 40 weeks pregnant has been delivered to the maternity ward. Objectively: the uterine cervix is opened, but the contractions are absent. The doctor has administered her a hormonal drug to stimulate the labor. Name this drug:

Testosterone

ACTH

Estrone

Oxytocin

Hydrocortisone

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A patient has recurrent attacks of epileptic seizures and stays unconscious between them. In order to stop convulsions the drugs of the following group should be used in the first place:

Neuroleptics

Analeptics

Muscle relaxants

Tranquilizers

Sedatives

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A patient with arthritis and varicose veins has been taking a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug for a long time, which caused thrombosis of skin veins. Which of the following drugs might have caused this complication?

Aspirin

Celecoxib

Ibuprofen

Phenylbutazone

Indomethacin

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Students study the stages of gametogenesis. They analyze a cell having a haploid number of chromosomes, and each chromosome consists of two chromatids. The chromosomes are located in the equatorial plane of the cell. Such situation is typical for the following stage of meiosis:

Anaphase of the second division

Metaphase of the first division

Prophase of the first division

Anaphase of the first division

Metaphase of the second division

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A 35-year-old female patient underwent biopsy of the breast nodules. Histological examination revealed enhanced proliferation of the small duct epithelial cells and acini, accompanied by the formation of glandular structures of various shapes and sizes, which were located in the fibrous stroma. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Cystic breast

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Fibroadenoma

Mastitis

Adenocarcinoma

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Examination of the duodenal contents revealed some pear-shaped protozoa with two nuclei and four pairs of flagella. The organisms had also two axostyles between the nuclei and a ventral adhesive disc. What protozoan representative was found in the patient?

Leishmania

Lamblia

Toxoplasma

Intestinal trichomonad

Trypanosome

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A specimen of an onion rootlet includes a cell in which the fully condensed chromosomes are located in the equatorial plane making the monaster. What phase of the mitotic cycle is the cell in?

Prophase

Early telophase

Late telophase

Metaphase

Interphase

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When examining a patient, the doctor revealed a tumor of the bronchus which borders on the aorta. Which bronchus is affected?

Right principal

Right upper lobar

Left upper lobar

Left principal

Middle lobar

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A 54-year-old female was brought to the casualty department after a car accident. A traumatologist diagnosed her with multiple fractures of the lower extremities. What kind of embolism is most likely to develop in this case?

Gaseous

Tissue

Thromboembolism

Air

Adipose

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Microscopy of the bronchial wall revealed atrophy of the mucosa, metaplastic change from columnar to squamous epithelium, an increase in the number of goblet cells, diffuse infiltration of the bronchial wall with lymphoplasmacytic elements with a large number of neutrophilic granulocytes, pronounced sclerosis. Spesi-fy the morphological form of bronchitis:

Acute bronchitis

Polypoid chronic bronchitis

Chronic purulent bronchitis

Acute purulent bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis

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Due to the blockage of the common bile duct (which was radiographically confirmed), the biliary flow to the duodenum was stopped. We should expect the impairment of:

Carbohydrate hydrolysis

Protein absorption

Secretion of hydrochloric acid

Salivation inhibition

Fat emulsification

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Typical manifestations of food poisoning caused by A. botulinum are double vision, abnormal functioning of the swallowing and breathing. These symptoms develop as a result of:

Enterotoxin effects

Enterotoxic shock development

Exotoxin effects

Activation of adenylate cyclase

Pathogen adhesion to the enterocyte receptors

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At the stage of translation in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the ribosome moves along the mRNA. Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence, and thus polypeptide synthesis takes place. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide corresponds to the sequence of:

mRNA codons

rRNA anticodons

rRNA nucleotides

tRNA anticodons

tRNA nucleotides

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After the prolonged vomiting a pregnant 26-year-old woman was found to have the reduced volume of circulating blood. What change in the total blood volume can be the case?

Oligocythemic hypervolemia

Polycythemic hypovolemia

Simple hypovolemia

Polycythemic hypervolemia

Oligocythemic hypovolemia

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On allergological examination a patient has been diagnosed with pollinosis. Specific desensitization can be performed by:

Intermittent administration of allergen

Antihistamines

Administration of saline

Glucocorticoids

-

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A patient consulted a physician about chest pain, cough, fever. Roentgenography of lungs revealed eosinophilic infiltrates which were found to contain the larvae. What kind of helminthiasis are these presentations typical for?

Fascioliasis

Cysticercosis

Trichinosis

Ascariasis

Echinococcosis

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A patient with signs of osteoporosis and urolithiasis has been admitted to the endocrinology department. Blood test revealed hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. These changes are associated with abnormal synthesis of the following hormone:

Calcitonin

Cortisol

Calcitriol

Aldosterone

Parathyroid hormone

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Histological examination of the biopsy material obtained from the lower third of the esophagus of a 57-year-old male with the symptoms of continuous reflux revealed the change of the stratified squamous epithelium to the singlelayer columnar glandular epithelium with signs of mucus production. Specify the pathological process in the mucous membrane:

Metaplasia

Hypertrophy

Organization

Hyperplasia

Regeneration

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A 30-year-old female exhibits signs of virilism (growth of body hair, balding temples, menstrual disorders). This condition can be caused by the overproduction of the following hormone:

Oestriol

Testosterone

Relaxin

Prolactin

Oxytocin

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A patient with bacterial periodontitis has been administered iontophoresis with the use of iodine solution. Specify the mechanism of therapeutic action of this agent:

Reduction of the nitro group under the effect of nitroreductase

Inhibition of the cell wall formation

Albumin formation

Substitution of hydrogen atoms when the protein amino group contains a nitrogen atom

Changing the surface tension of the bacterial cell membrane

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A patient with extensive myocardial infarction has developed heart failure. What pathogenetic mechanism contributed to the development of heart failure in the patient?

Acute cardiac tamponade

Reduction in the mass of functioning myocardiocytes

Pressure overload

Volume overload

Myocardial reperfusion injury

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A patient who had been continuously taking drugs blocking the production of angiotensin II developed bradycardia and arrhythmia. A likely cause of these disorders is:

Hypercalcemia

Hyperkalemia

Hypernatremia

Hypokalemia

Hypocalcemia

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A patient has arterial hypertension. What long-acting drug from the group of calcium channel blockers should be prescribed?

Amlodipine

Pyrroxanum

Reserpine

Octadine

Atenolol

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Human skin has a high breaking strength. It is known that the skin consists of epithelial tissue and two kinds of connective tissue. Which of the following tissues provides the skin strength?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Loose connective tissue

Unformed dense connective tissue

Single-layer epithelium

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As a result of a home injury, a patient suffered a significant blood loss, which led to a fall in blood pressure. Rapid blood pressure recovery after the blood loss is provided by the following hormones:

Sex hormones

Adrenaline, vasopressin

Cortisol

Oxytocin

Aldosterone

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A patient with constant headaches, pain in the occipital region, tinnitus, dizziness has been admitted to the cardiology department. Objectively: AP-180/110 mm Hg, heart rate - 95/min. Radiographically, there is a stenosis of one of the renal arteries. Hypertensive condition in this patient has been caused by the activation of the following system:

Sympathoadrenal

Immune

Kinin

Renin-angiotensin

Hemostatic

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A patient complains that at the bare mention of the tragic events that once occurred in his life he experiences tachycardia, dyspnea and an abrupt rise in blood pressure. What structures of the CNS are responsible for these cardiorespiratory reactions in this patient?

Cerebral cortex

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Cerebellum

Quadrigemina of mesencephalon

Specific thalamic nuclei

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A patient consulted a dentist about limited mouth opening (trismus). He has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection may cause these symptoms?

Tetanus

Tularemia

Whooping cough

Brucellosis

Wound anaerobic infection

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Anatomical dead space is the portion of the air that is left in the airways after expiration. The reduction of the anatomical dead space is typical for the following situation:

Turning the lying patient on his right side

Turning the lying patient on his left side

Breathing through the mouth

Tracheostomy

Forward flexion of head

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Analysis of the experimental spirogram of a 55-year-old person revealed a decrease in tidal volume and respiratory amplitude compared to the situation of ten years ago. The change in these indicators is caused by:

Body mass of a person

Height of a person

Gas composition of the air

Physical build of a person

Decreased force of respiratory muscle contraction

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A patient underwent a course of treatment for atherosclerosis. Laboratory tests revealed an increase in the antiatherogenic lipoprotein fraction in the blood plasma. The treatment efficacy is confirmed by the increase in:

IDL

Chylomicrons

VLDL

HDL

LDL

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A 65-year-old female patient has chronic constipations due to the colon hypotonia. What drug should be chosen in this case?

Neostigmine methylsulfate

Metoclopramide

Bisacodyl

Castor oil

Magnesium sulfate

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A female patient complains of vision impairment. On examination she was found to have obesity, fasting hyperglycemia. What complication of diabetes can cause vision impairment?

Neuropathy

Atherosclerosis

Microangiopathy

Macroangiopathy

Glomerulopathy

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Analysis of the family history of children with Van der Woude syndrome revealed that in their families one of the parents had the typical for this syndrome defects (cleft lip and palate, lip pits regardless of gender). What is the type of inheritance of this syndrome?

X-linked recessive

Autosomal recessive

X-linked dominant

Autosomal dominant

Multifactorial

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Administration of doxycycline hydrochloride caused an imbalance of the symbiotic intestinal microflora. Specify the kind of imbalance caused by the antibiotic therapy:

Idiosyncrasy

Dysbacteriosis

Sensibilization

Superimposed infection

Bacteriosis

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A 3-year-old child had eaten some strawberries. Soon he developed a rash and itching. What was found in the child’s leukogram?

Monocytosis

Eosinophilia

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Hypolymphemia

Lymphocytosis

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A 12-year-old patient was found to have blood serum cholesterol at the rate of 25 mmol/l. The boy has a history of hereditary familial hypercholesterolemia, which is caused by the impaired synthesis of the following protein receptors:

Intermediate density lipoproteins

High density lipoproteins

Very low density lipoproteins

Low density lipoproteins

Chylomicrons

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