Step 1 - Stomatology 2013

Carious cavities of a 29-year-old patient contain the parasitic protozoa. It is established that they relate to the Sarcodina class. Specify these single-celled organisms:

Entamoeba gingivalis

Entamoeba coli

Amoeba proteus

Entamoeba histolutica

Lamblia intestinalis

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In some areas of South Africa many people have sickle cell disease characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape due to the substitution of glutamic acid for valine in the hemoglobin molecule. What is the cause of this disease?

Transduction

Crossing-over

Gene mutation

Disturbances of the mechanisms of genetic information transmission

Genomic mutation

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Examination of an 18-year-old girl revealed the following features: ovarian hypoplasia, broad shoulders, narrow hips, shortening of the lower extremities, webbed neck. Mental development is normal. The patient has been diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome. What chromosomal abnormality does this patient have?

Trisomy X

Monosomy X

Nullisomy X

Trisomy 18

Trisomy 13

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Mother and father are healthy. Mother underwent amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping. The fetal karyotype turned out to be 45, XO. What syndrome can be expected in a newborn baby?

Patau’s

Edwards’

Turner’s

Cri du chat

'Superwoman'

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A physician collects the patient’s history of the post-embryonic period of ontogenesis from birth to puberty. In this case we are talking about:

Senium

Juvenile period

The second period of adulthood

Advanced age

The first period of adulthood

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Genealogical study of a family with hereditary enamel hypoplasia has revealed that the disease occurs in every generation. In women, the anomaly occurs more frequently than in men. Male patients only pass this trait to their daughters. What type of inheritance takes place in this case?

X-linked recessive

X-linked dominant

Autosomal recessive

Y-linked

Autosomal dominant

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A 58-year-old male patient consulted an urologist about acute pain during urination and decreased amount of the excreted urine. Urolithiasis was suspected. The concrements are most likely to be found in the following part of the urethra:

Pars intramuralis

Pars membranacea

Pars pelvina

Pars prostatica

Pars spongiosa

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When examining the oral caity of a 22-year-old patient, the dentist noticed a destroyed medial tubercle on the cutting edge of the right maxillary first molar. This tubercle is called:

Hypocone

Paracone

Metacone

Mesocone

Protocone

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A patient with inflammation of tongue mucosa (glossitis) complains of taste sensitivity disorder in the two anterior thirds of his tongue. This is caused by the damage of the following nerve:

Tympanichord

Lingual

Lesser petrosal

Tympanic

Glossopharyngeal

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As a result of injury of tongue a 32-year-old male had a heavy bleeding. The bleeding can be stopped by ligating an artery in the following topographic anatomic region (triangle):

Carotid triangle

Omotrapezoid triangle

Pirogov’s triangle

Omotracheal triangle

Omoclavicular triangle

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The operative dentistry department admitted a newborn girl who choked during sucking. Examination revealed cleft palate arising from non-union of the middle frontal process and maxillary process of the I-st branchial arch. The cleft was located in the palate between:

Processus palatinus maxillae et lamina horizontalis os palatinum

Lamina horizontalis os palatinum dextrum et sinistrum

Processus palatinus maxillae dextrae et sinistrae

In the region of canalis incisivus

Os incisivum et processus palatinus maxillae

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A 39-year-old patient consulted a dentist about having a dry area of the oral mucosa beneath the tongue on the right. The dentist revealed a compression of chorda tympani as it exits to the right infratemporal fossa through the following fissura:

Sphenopetrosa

Tympanomastoidea

Petrotympanica

Petroocipitalis

Petrosguamosa

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A patient consulted a doctor about difficult chewing. On examination he was found to have the atrophy of the right temporal muscle and masticatory muscles. Upon opening the mouth, the patient’s jaw deviates to the left. What nerve is affected?

Mandibulohyoid

Motor portion of the mandibular nerve

Inferior alveolar

Facial

Maxillary

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A 36-year-old patient presents with periodontitis of the mandibular molar. It was found that inflammation had spread to the lymph nodes. What lymph nodes were the first to be involved in the inflammatory process?

Mental

Facial

Submandibular

Lateral cervical

Aterior cervical

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Examination of a 23-year-old patient reveals that when his tongue is protruded, its tip deviates to the side. This is caused by the dysfunction of the following tongue muscle:

Inferior longitudinal

Styloglossus

Superior longitudinal

Genioglossus

Hyoid

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A 33-year-old patient complains of an impairment of skin sensitivity in the medial part of the dorsal and palmar surface of hand. Which nerve is damaged?

N. ulnaris

N. radialis

N. musculocutaneus

N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis

N. medianus

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A 2-year-old child has congenital spastic contraction of muscles on one side of neck, that is torticollis. What muscle is affected?

Sternocleidomastoid

Sternothyroid

Subcutaneous

Sternohyoid

Omohyoid

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The emergency department admitted a 48-year-old male with a blunt abdominal injury on the right and a suspected rupture of liver. Which of these peritoneal structures can be expected to include blood accumulations?

Superior iliocecal recess

Intersigmoidal recess

Left paracolic gutter

Rectovesical pouch

Omental sac

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A histological specimen represents a structure of the oral cavity, which is formed by bone tissue. It is covered by mucous membrane consisting of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. The structure has fatty, glandular and marginal zone. In all parts of the lamina propria the collagen fibers form thick bundles that penetrate deep into the periosteum. What kind of structure is it?

Cheek

Tongue

Lip

Gingiva

Hard palate

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Study of the histological specimen of a baby’s primary tooth revealed hypoplasia ( underdevelopment ) of enamel. This abnormality is caused by the disruptions in the activity of the following cells:

Pulp cells of the enamel organ

Cells of the stratum intermedium of the enamel organ

Outer enamel epithelium

Odontoblasts

Inner enamel epithelium

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In the histological specimen of a tooth germ the outer surface of the enamel organ is uneven, the cells of the inner layer show the reversal of polarity (inversion). These changes precede the beginning of the following process:

Cementogenesis

Amelogenesis

Periodont development

Dentinogenesis

Pulp genesis

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Proliferation of connective tissue in the parenchyma of liver (fibrosis) caused by chronic diseases is typically accompanied by an impairment of blood circulation in the classic lobules. What is the direction of blood flow in these lobules?

From the center to the periphery

From the top to the base

From the periphery to the center

From the base to the top

Around the lobule

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A 68-year-old female patient with a history of glaucoma has increased intraocular pressure with normal secretion of aqueous humor by ciliary body. The inadequate outflow of fluid from the anterior chamber is associated with the damage to the following structure of the eyeball wall:

Posterior corneal epithelium

Ciliary muscle

Choroid

Ciliary body

Venous sinus

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The effect of some harmful factors caused focal damage to the gastric epithelium. What cells are responsible for its regeneration?

Endocrinocytes

Cervical mucocytes of glands

Parietal exocrinocytes of glands

Principal exocrinocytes of glands

Mucocytes of the gland body

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Microscopic examination of a CNS body revealed the gray matter with three layers of neurons, namely molecular, ganglionic and granular layer. What are the neurons constituting the second layer?

Large stellate

Piriform

Basket

Granule cells

Small stellate

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In a specimen from the ovary stained with hematoxylin-eosin a follicle can be seen. The follicular epithelial cells are arranged in 1-2 layers and have cubic shape, around the oocyte the bright red membrane can be seen. Specify the follicle:

Mature

Primordial

Atresial

Secondary

Primary

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A histological specimen represents a blood vessel. Its inner tunica is composed of endothelium, subendothelium and internal elastic lamina. The middle tunica is rich in smooth muscle cells. What vessel is characterized by these morphological features?

Elastic artery

Amuscular vein

Capillary

Muscular vein

Muscular artery

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Physical activity caused an increase in the cardiac output in a patient with a transplanted heart. What regulative mechanism is responsible for these changes?

Sympathetic unconditioned reflexes

Sympathetic conditioned reflexes

Catecholamines

Parasympathetic conditioned reflexes

Parasympathetic unconditioned reflexes

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Stimulation of the peripheral segment of chorda tympani in an experimenal animal resulted in the discharge of the following secretion from the parotid salivary fistula:

A small amount of liquid saliva

A lot of viscous saliva

There is no saliva

A small amount of viscous saliva

A lot of liquid saliva

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An animal has been given a weak solution of hydrochloric acid introduced into the duodenum through a tube. Which hormone concentration will increase in the animal?

Secretin

Cholecystokinin (pancreozymin)

Gastrin

Glucagon

Neurotensin

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Examination of a patient with a brain cortex injury revealed that he had lost the tactile sensitivity. What part of the cerebral cortex is damaged?

Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe

Posterior central gyrus

Anterior central gyrus

Parietal lobe

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In the experiment, the permeability of cell membrane for potassium ions has been increased. What changes can be expected in the membrane state?

Hyperpolarization

Action potential

There will be no changes

Depolarization

Local response

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A 36-year-old male patient has malabsorption of sodium ions from the intestinal lumen into blood. At the same time, absorption of the following substances REMAINS UNCHANGED:

Water

Chlorides

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Fats

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A 32-year-old female has gingivitis accompanied by gingival hypoxia. At the same time, the level of the following metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism is greatly increased in periodontal tissues:

Glycogen

NADPH

Glucose-6-phosphate

Ribose-5-phosphate

Lactate

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Examination of a patient revealed dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. What vitamin deficiency is the cause of this condition ?

Folic acid

Nicotinamide

Ascorbic acid

Rutin

Biotin

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Hormonal form of a certain vitamin induces genome level synthesis of Ca- binding proteins and enterocytes thus regulating the intestinal absorption of Ca2+ ions required for dental tissue development. What vitamin is it?

Bi

A

E

K

D3

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A 23-year-old patient with acute pulpitis has elevated body temperature and an increase in the WBC count up to 14 • 109/L. The leucogram is as follows: basophils - 0, eosinophils - 2, monocytes - 0, immature neutrophils - 4, stab neutrophils - 8, segmented neutrophils - 56, lymphocytes - 26, monocytes - 4. How can we interpret these changes in the white blood cells?

Neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift

Neutrophilic leukocytosis with a right shift

Neutrophilia with a degenerative left shift

Neutrophilia with a hyperregenerative left shift

Lymphocytosis

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A female patient with toxemia of pregnancy has hypersalivation resulting in a daily loss of 3-4 liters of saliva. What disorder of water-salt metabolism occurs in such cases?

Hyponatremia

Hypoosmolar hypohydration

Hyperosmolar hypohydration

Hypokalemia

Isoosmolar hypohydration

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A 39-year-old patient underwent hematologic tests. The following results were obtained: RBC2,8 • 1012/L, Hb-80 g/L, color index - 0,85, reticulocytes - 0,1%, platelets - 160 • 109/L, WBC 60 • 109/L. Basophils - 2, eosinophils - 8, promyelocytes - 5, myelocytes - 5, immature neutrophils - 16, stab neutrophils - 20, segmented neutrophils - 34, lymphocytes - 5, monocytes -5 . What form of blood pathology are these results indicative of?

Hypoplastic anemia

Undifferentiated leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

Hemolytic anemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia

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A 49-year-old patient was found to have a disproportionate enlargement of hands, feet, nose, ears, superciliary arches and cheek bones. Blood test revealed hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance. What is the most likely cause of this pathology development?

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

Glucocorticoid hypersecretion

Posterior pituitary hormone hypersecretion

Vasopressin hyposecretion

Insulin hyposecretion

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A 46-year-old patient with diabetes had been admitted to a hospital in grave precomatose condition. Study of the acid-base balance revealed metabolic acidosis. What is the primary mechanism that underlies the revealed changes of the acid-base balance?

Reduction of SO2 excretion

Incomplete oxidation of metabolism products

Disorder of blood buffer systems

Urinary excretion of alkaline components

Disturbance of O2 utilization by cells

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A 44-year-old patient with obstructive jaundice has been admitted to a hospital with the symptoms of cholemic syndrome. On the ECG arrhythmia shows up. What kind of arrhythmia is the patient most likely to have?

Atrioventricular block

Ventricular premature contraction

Atrial premature contraction

Sinus tachycardia

Sinus bradycardia

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A 28-year-old liquidator of Chernobyl disaster consulted a doctor about marked weakness, skin hemorrhages, diarrhea. Blood test results: ESR- 25 mm/h, RBC- 2,4 • 1012/L, WBC - 2,2 • 109 /L, platelets -70 • 109/L. What stage of acute radiation sickness are these presentations typical for?

Latent stage

Outcome of the disease

Prodromal stage

Manifest illness stage

Recovery stage

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In a 52-year-old patient with chronic glomerulonephritis, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was reduced by 20% compared to normal. What causes the decrease in GFR in patients with chronic renal failure?

Renal artery thrombosis

Reduced number of active nephrons

Renal ischemia

Obstruction of the urinary tract

Tubulopathy

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A 10-year-old child cut his leg with a piece of glass and was sent to a clinic for an anti-tetanus serum injection. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock, the Besredka desensitization method was applied. What mechanism underlies this method?

Inhibited synthesis of mast cells mediators

Binding to IgE fixed to mast cells

Stimulation of antigen-specific IgG2 synthesis

Binding of IgE receptors on mast cells

Stimulation of the immunological antigen tolerance

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Histologically, the internal wall of a maxillary cyst is lined with stratified squamous epithelium with underlying granulation tissue with infiltrating lymphocytes. The outer layer is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue surrounded by cicatrical fibrous tissue. What diagnosis can be made?

Ameloblastoma

Cystic granuloma

Simple granuloma

Keratocyst

Epithelial granuloma

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Examination of a patient revealed a hard palate tumor in form of a small dense gray node without clear boundaries. Histological study of the tumor after its removal revealed the following peculiarities: the tumor was constituted by small cubic cells with hyperchromatic nucleus forming alveoli, trabeculae, solid and cribriform structures. The tumor growth could be charactrized as invasive. Specify the tumor:

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Monomorphic adenoma

Malignant pleomorphic adenoma

Adenolymphoma

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

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A 28-year-old patient had been diagnosed with multifragmental fracture of the right hip. On the third day after the injury he began to complain of pain in the right side of chest, difficult respiration. A day later the patient died of progressive heart and respiratory failure. Histological study of pulmonary and cerebral blood vessels revealed orange sudanophilic droplets that completely obstructed the vessels of microvasculature. What complication caused the death of the patient?

Microbial embolism

Gas embolism

Fat embolism

Thromboembolism

Drug-induced embolism

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A patient undewent radiography that revealed numerous smooth-walled roundish defects in both jaws. Histological study revealed osteolysis and osteoporosis accompanied by the phenomena of poor bone formation. The patient’s urine contained Bence-Jones protein. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Acute undifferentiated leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

Chronic erythroleukemia

Multiple myeloma

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A bacteriological laboratory studied the home-made dried fish which had caused a severe food poisoning. Microscopy of the culture grown on the Kitt-Tarozzi medium revealed microorganisms resembling a tennis racket. What is the most likely di- agnosis?

Typhoid fever

Salmonellosis

Dysentery

Botulism

Cholera

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While studying blood and mucus samples from the nasopharynx, a bacteriologist took certain measures to conserve the pathogens in the material. Bacterioscopic study revealed the presence of gram-negative cocci looking like coffee beans and arranged in pairs or tetrads. Name the pathogen that was isolated by the bacteriologist:

Neisseria meningitidis

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

Moraxella lacunata

Staphilococcus aureus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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6 hours after the initial inoculation of water sample into 1% peptone water, the growth of a culture in form of a thin pellicle on the medium surface was registered. Such cultural properties are typical for the causative agent of the following disease:

Cholera

Dysentery

Plague

Pseudotuberculosis

Tuberculosis

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After the sanitary and bacteriological study of tap water the following results were obtained: the total number of bacteria in 1,0 ml was 80, coli index was 3. How would you interpret the study results?

Water is of highly doubtful quality

Water is safe to be consumed

Water is of doubtful quality

Water is contaminated

Water is highly conaminated

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Examination of a 27-year-old donor who had not donated blood for a long time revealed HBs antibodies detected by ELISA method. In this case, the positive ELISA results indicate that the donor:

Has chronic hepatitis B

Has chronic hepatitis C

Has acute hepatitis C

Had hepatitis B

Has acute hepatitis B

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A patient had been provisionally diagnosed with syphilis. A laboratory assistant took the blood serum for an immunologic test based on the detection of antibodies preventing the movement of treponemes and causing their death. What reaction was used for the diagnosis?

Neutralization

Agglutination

Precipitation

Complement binding

Immobilization

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A 50-year-old patient with a hypertensive crisis had been administered magnesium sulfate, which led to an abrupt decrease in blood pressure. The side effects of magnesium sulfate can be avoided if the following drug is administered:

Sodium sulfate

Sodium bromide

Trilon B

Potassium chloride

Calcium chloride

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A patient with arterial hypertension has developed a bronchial asthma attack. Which of the following bronchodilators may provoke a hypertensive crisis?

Isadrine

Berotec

Salbutamol

Aminophylline

Ephedrine hydrochloride

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A patient in a collaptoid state has been given an injection of mesatonum for the correction of blood pressure. What is the mechanism of this drug action?

It stimulates a- and 3-adrenergic receptors

It blocks a-adrenergic receptors

It stimulates a-adrenergic receptors

It blocks 3-adrenergic receptors

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A 42-year-old female patient consulted a doctor about pain in the knee joints. Objectively there is swelling, redness, hyperthermia in the region of these joints. Laboratory testing revealed positive acute phase reactants. What drugs should be used to treat this patient?

Anti-inflammatory drugs

Sulfonamides

Antidepressants

Antibiotics

Narcotic analgesics

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A paroxysm of tachycardia occurred in a patient undergoing a dental procedure. Which of the following drugs should be used to relieve it?

Nitroglycerine

Isadrinum

Verapamil

Dipheninum

Atropine

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To perform a scheduled surgery on the upper jaw, a surgeon decided to apply ataralgesia. What medications are used for this manipulation?

Tranquilizers

Narcotic analgesics

Sedatives

General anesthetics

Non-narcotic analgesics

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A 55-year-old mae patient with acute heart failure has been administered a quick-relief cardiac glycoside. Which of the following drugs has been given to the patient?

Strophanthin

Celanid

Milrinone

Digitoxin

Adonisidum

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Examination of the oral cavity of a 19-year-old patient revealed a small gap between the maxillary and mandibular incisors. There was no contact between the front teeth. Specify the type of occlusion in this patient:

Edge-to-edge occlusion

Prognathism

Orthognathia

Open occlusion

Closed bite

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A 53-year-old patient with a long history of nephrolithiasis underwent nephrectomy. The kidney looks as a thin-walled sac filled with urine. Renal parenchyma is atrophied. Specify this complication of nephrolithiasis:

Pyelonephritis

Multicystic kidney disease

Hydronephrosis

Nephrosclerosis

Pyonephrosis

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To prevent the seasonal influenza epidemics in the city hospitals, sanitary epidemic station gave orders to immunize health care workers. Which of the following preparations should be used for immunization?

Interferon

Gamma-globulin

Amantadine

Subunit vaccine

Rimantadine

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A 36-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus had seizures with loss of consciousness after an insulin injection. What was the result of blood glucose test?

2,5 mmol/l

3,3 mmol/l

5,5 mmol/l

8,0 mmol/l

10 mmol/l

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Following thyroid surgery, a 47-year-old female patient had fibrillary twitching of muscles in the arms, legs and face. These disorders can be treated by the introduction of the following hormone:

Thyroxine

Triiodothyronine

Parathyroid hormone

Thyrotropin

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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A 43-year-old patient is to be administered an antibiotic from the peni- cillin group which would be resistant to penicillinase. What drug can be recommended?

Oxacillin

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

Carbenicillin

Azlocillin

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A 49-year-old patient has psychotic manifestations in form of psychomotor agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations. What drug is indicated in the described case?

Haloperidol

Valerian tincture

Diazepam

Chlordiazepoxide

Sodium bromide

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A 58-year-old patient with essential hypertension complains about general health deterioration. She has been administered methyldopa. Specify the mechanism of this drug action:

Inhibtion of noradrenaline synthesis

Inhibition of angiotensin-converting factor

Blockade of o-adrenergic receptors

Blockade of a-adrenergic receptors

Increase in acetylcholine synthesis

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An animal sensitized with tuberculin had been administered tuberculin intraperitoneally. 24 hours later, during laparotomy, the animal was found to have venous congestion and peritoneal edema. Impression smears from the peritoneum contained a large number of lymphocytes and monocytes. What pathological process was detected in the animal?

Aseptic inflammation

Allergic inflammation

Fibrinous inflammation

Purulent inflammation

Serous inflammation

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A 42-year-old patient with tetanus developed an acute respiratory failure. What type of respiratory failure occurs in this case?

Diffusion impairment

Restrictive impairment of alveolar ventilation

Disregulatory impairment of alveolar ventilation

Obstructive impairment of alveolar ventilation

Perfusion impairment

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When students pass an exam, they often complain of having 'dry mouth'. The mechanism underlying the development of this condition is the activation of the following processes:

Unconditioned parasympathetic

Conditioned parasympathetic

Unconditioned sympathetic

Conditioned sympathetic

Unconditioned peripheral

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An injury to the occipital region resulted in apnoea. What could be the immediate cause of apnoea?

Cerebellum injury

Medulla oblongata injury

Traumatic shock

Spinal cord rapture below the 5th vertebra

Rapture between the mesencephalon and medulla oblongata

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A female with Rh-negative blood of A (II) type has a child with AB (IV) type who has been diagnosed with hemolytic disease resulting from Rh-conflict. What blood type may the baby’s father have?

I (0), Rh-positive

II (A), Rh-positive

III (B), Rh-positive

III (B), Rh-negative

IV (Ab), Rh-negative

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Calcification of the intercellular substance of bone tissue is accompanied by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals along the collagen fibers. This process requires the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the intercellular substance. What cell produces this enzyme?

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Osteocyte

Chondroblast

Chondrocyte

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A 30-year-old patient with pneumonia has been administered a 3-day course of an antibiotic from the group of azalides that has bactericidal effect, prolonged action, the ability to bind to phagocytic cells and accumulate in the infection foci. What drug has been administered?

Isoniazid

Azithromycin

Erythromycin

Ciprofloxacin

Benzylpenicillin sodium salt

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Human X chromosome contains a dominant gene that is reponsible for normal blood clotting. An autosomal dominant gene plays a similar role. Lack of any of these genes leads to the coagulation disorder. The form of interaction between these genes is called:

Polymerism

Epistasis

Complementarity

Pleiotropy

Codominance

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A 66-year-old male patient has liver carcinoma with syndrome of portal hypertension. What kind of portal hypertension does the patient have?

Suprahepatic

Combined

-

Subhepatic

Intrahepatic

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A 25-year-old patient with a hereditary enzymopathy (Gilbert’s disease) has a disorder of bilirubin conjugation in liver. What enzyme is not synthesized in this patient?

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

Amidophosphoribosyltransferase

UDP-glycogen transferase

UDP-glucuronyl transferase

Ornithine carbomoyltransferase

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A 60-year-old patient with a history of bronchial asthma has had several attacks during the day. What is the optimal drug to be used for their prevention?

Dobutamine

Methacinum

Isadrinum

Salbutamol

Adrenaline hydrochloride

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A 39-year-old patient with pyelonephritis has been found to have hyposthenuria combined with polyuria. According to this data, what process is most likely to be disrupted?

-

Glomerular filtration

Tubular secretion

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular excretion

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A patient with a toxic paralysis of the respiratory center has been repeatedly administered cordiamine for the center stimulation. What side effect may occur?

Arrhythmia

Bronchospasm

Collapse

Tonic convulsions

Clonus

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A 12-year-old child is of short stature, has disproportionate body structure and mental retardation. These characteristics might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following hormone:

Insulin

Cortisol

Somatotropin

Glucagon

Thyroxine

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A 48-year-old female patient with a history of cholelithiasis has recurring steatorrhea. What vitamin deficiency may develop as a complication of the current disease?

K

B12

PP

Be

C

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Transfusion of Rh-incompatible blood resulted in hemolytic jaundice development in the patient. What laboratory blood value confirms this type of jaundice?

Reduction of conjugated bilirubin

Reduction of stercobilin

Reduction of unconjugated bilirubin

Accumulation of urobilinogen

Accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin

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A 46-year-old patient consulted an oculist about drooping of the upper eyelid. On examination he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. The pathological process must have affected the nuclei of the following pair of cranial nerves:

II

VI

VII

IV

III

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A 36-year-old patient consulted an ophthalmologist about eye ache. The examination revealed the erosion of the cornea, that is the lack of superficial and spinous layers of the epithelium. What cells will provide regeneration of the damaged epithelium?

Cells of the the stratum granulosum

Cells of the stratum lucidum

Cells of the stratum corneum

Cells of the stratum basale

Cell of the stratum superficiale

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 57-year-old patient with coronary artery disease has been administered an anti-anginal agent that activates guanylate cyclase and accumulates myocardial cGMP. What drug is it?

Isosorbide mononitrate

Verapamil

Validol

Dipyridamole

Panangin

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 43-year-old female complains of weight loss, hyperhidrosis, low-grade fever, increased irritability. She has been found to have hyperfunction of the sympathetic-adrenal system and basal metabolism. These disorders can be caused by hypersecretion of the following hormone:

Corticotropin

Thyroxine

Aldosterone

Insulin

Somatotropin

‹ Назад

Далі ›

Examination of a patient revealed glycosuria and hyperglycemia. He complains of dry mouth, itchy skin, frequent urination, thirst. He has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What is the cause of polyuria in this patient?

Decreased cardiac output

Increased plasma oncotic pressure

Increased urine osmotic pressure

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Increased filtration pressure

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A histological specimen represents the parenchyma composed of lymphoid tissue which forms the diffusely arranged lymph nodules with a central artery. What anatomic formation has the given morphological structure?

Red bone marrow

Spleen

Lymph node

Tonsil

Thymus

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Ultrasonography of a pregnant revealed no abnormalities in the cardiovascular system of the fetus, the ductus arteriosus had a normal function. What vessels does it connect?

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

Umbilical vein and aorta

Pulmonary trunk and superior vena cava

Pulmonary trunk and inferior vena cava

Umbilical vein and umbilical artery

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As a result of treatment of viral RNA with nitrous acid, UCA triplet mutated to UGA triplet. What kind of mutation occurred?

Inversion

Nucleotide insertion

Transition

Nucleotide deletion

Missense

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A 46-year-old patient consulted a doctor about pustular rash on the skin of the limbs. What antiseptic should be administered to the patient?

Heparin

Insulin

Prednisolone

Sibazon

Alcohol solution of iodine

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 1-year-old child with the symptoms of affection of limb and trunk muscles had been admitted to a hospital. Examination revealed muscle carnitine deficiency. The biochemical basis of this pathology is a disruption of the following process:

Transport of fatty acids to mitochondria

Oxidative phosphorylation

Regulation of Ca2+ level in mitochondria

Substrate phosphorylation

Utilization of lactic acid

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For several days a 55-year-old female patient has had pain attacks in the right upper quadrant after eating fatty foods. Visually, there is yellowness of sclera and skin. The patient has acholous stool, beer-colored urine. What substance present in the patient’s urine causes its dark color?

Stercobilin

Conjugated bilirubin

Ketone bodies

Unconjugated bilrubin

Bilirubin glucuronides

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One of the means of regulating enzyme activity in a human body is the covalent modification. Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase activity is regulated by the following type of covalent modification:

Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation

Sulfonation

ADP-ribosylation

Methylation

Hydrolysis

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A 23-year-old patient with diabetes has hyperglycemia at the rate of 19 mmol/l which is clinically manifested by glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia. Which of the listed below mechanisms is responsible for the development of glycosuria?

Non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins

Exceedence of glucose renal threshold

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Tissue dehydration

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A 25-year-old patient got an injury as a result of which a portion of the nail plate was removed. What structures will be responsible for its restoration?

Eponychium

Nail matrix

Nail sinus

Subungual space

Nail fold

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Experimental stimulation of the peripheral segment of the vagus nerve of a cat will result in the following changes:

Dilated pupils

Bronchiectasis

Increased heart rate

Increased respiratory rate

Decreased heart rate

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Arterial pH is 7,4; primary urine -7,4; final urine - 5,8. Decrease in the pH of final urine is the result of the secretion of the following ions in the nephron tubules:

Hydrogen carbonate ions

Hydrogen ions

Potassium ions

Creatinine

Urea

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A 49-year-old male patient with myocardial infarction has been admitted to the cardiology department. What changes in the peripheral blood cells are induced by the necrotic changes in the myocardium?

Thrombocytopenia

Eosinophilia

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Monocytosis

Lymphopenia

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Alterations in protein digestion in the small intestine are induced by the impairment of trypsin and chymotrypsin activity. What enzyme deficiency may be the cause of this impairment?

Amylase

Maltase

Enterokinase

Lipase

Pepsin

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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are widely used in clinics as psychopharmacological drugs. They change the level of the following neurotransmitter in the synapses:

L-glutamate

Substance P

ATP

Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

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In the area being the epicenter of the registered rabies cases among wild animals a 43-yearold man presented to a clinic and claimed to have been bitten by a stray dog. He was given a course of anti-rabies vaccine. This preparation relates to the following type of vaccines:

Attenuated

Molecular

Synthetic

Toxoids

Inactivated

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During examination of a 3-month-old infant a pediatrician revealed that the baby’s oral mucosa and tongue were covered with a thick white deposit. In the material taken from the affected site a bacteriologist revealed the presence of yeast fungi giving the reasons for suspecting a fungal infection which occurs most often in children of this age, namely:

Favus

Actinomycosis

Epidermophytosis

Candidiasis

Trichophytia

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A boy has been diagnosed with a hydrocele (fluid collection within the scrotum). Which scrotum tunica contains this liquid?

Internal spermatic fascia

Tunica vaginalis

Tunica albuginea

Tunica dartos

External spermatic fascia

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Examination of a 6-year-old patient gave reasons to suspect the deterioration in airway patency. What is the most reliable research method to identify the pathology?

Spirometabolography

Pneumotachometry

Spirometry

Spirography

Pneumography

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A 24-year-old patient with catarrhal tonsillitis has ben administered a drug from the group of sulfonamides. Specify the mechanism of sulfonamide antibacterial action:

Disruption of the cell wall protein synthesis

Protein coagulation

Reduction of membrane permeability

Inhibition of sulfhydryl groups of thiol enzymes

Competitive antagonism of PABA

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A 39-year-old patient with arthritis of the temporomandibular joint has been administered diclofenac sodium. It must be kept in mind that the side effect of prolonged use of this drug is:

Drug dependence

Teratogenicity

Ototoxicity

Carcinogenicity

Ulcerogenicity

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A 36-year-old injured has an occi- pital bone injury causing damage to the sigmoid sinus. What part of the bone is damaged?

Pars basilaris

Squama

-

Clivus

Pars lateralis

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A 40-year-old patient presents with abdominal pain, frequent loose stools with mucus and blood. Stool analysis revealed vegetative forms of some protozoa sized 30-40 microns, with short pseudopodia, containing large amounts of phagocytosed erythrocytes. What protozoan disease does the patient have?

Leishmaniasis

Toxoplasmosis

Amebiasis

Giardiasis

Trichomoniasis

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A 49-year-old mae has mitral stenosis. What is the leading mechanism of heart failure in this case?

Myocardial tension

Fluid overload

Myocardial injury

Volume overload

Pressure overload

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A 42-year-old patient has an inflammation of the inner ear. After the examination, the doctor revealed the affection of the first neuron bodies of the auditory analyzer. Where are they localized?

G. ciliare

G. vestibulare

G. spirale

G. trigeminale

G. geniculi

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Orthodontic treatment of a child proved to be ineffective due to the chronic mouth breathing since the nasal breathing is impaired. This is caused by the hypertrophy of the following tonsils:

Pharyngeal

Lingual

Palatine

Palatine and tubal

Tubal

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A 34-year-old patient has a history of periodontitis. As a result of increased collagen degradation, there is a significantly increased urinary excretion of one of the amino acids. Which one?

Glycine

Valine

Alanine

Serine

Hydroxyproline

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A 34-year-old injured is unable to nod his head (impaired flexion and extension of head). This is caused by the dysfunction of the following joint:

-

Zygapophysial

Lateral atlanto-axial

Median atlanto-axial

Atlanto-occipital

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A 35-year-old patient had a cerebral injury that caused a hemorrhage in the region of the medial surface of the frontal gyrus and cingulate gyrus. What artery supplies blood to the area of the hemorrhage localization?

Median cerebral

Anterior communicating

Posterior cerebral

Anterior cerebral

Basilar

‹ Назад

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Osteolaterism is characterized by a decrease in collagen strength caused by much less intensive formation of cross-links in the collagen fibrils. This phenomenon is caused by hypoactivity of the following enzyme:

Lysyl hydroxylase

Monoamino-oxidase

Prolyl hydroxylase

Lysyl oxidase

Collagenase

‹ Назад

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In some anaerobic bacteria the pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to the ethyl alcohol (alcoholic fermentation). What is the biological significance of this process?

ATP production

Providing the cells with NADPH

NAD+ replenishment

ADP production

Lactate production

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A 36-year-old female patient who has been limiting the number of foodstuffs in her diet for 3 months presents with a decrease in body weight, deterioration of physical and mental health, face edemata. These changes may be caused by the deficiency of the following nutrients:

Carbohydrates

Micronutrients

Vitamins

Fats

Proteins

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A 29-year-old patient with bacterial pneumonia has been administered penicillin. What is the mechanism of its antimicrobial action?

Inhibition of intracellular protein synthesis

Inhibition of cholinesterase activity

Antagonism of PABA

Inhibition of SH-groups of microorganism enzymes

Inhibition of cell walls synthesis in the microorganisms

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Vitamin-like substance choline is contained in phospholipids which are the main components of biological membranes. What sulphur-containing amino acid serves as the donor of methyl groups for the synthesis of choline?

Alanine

Serine

Glycine

Threonine

Methionine

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During anesthesia of the oral mucosa a 37-year-old patient has had anaphylactic reaction ( widespread vasodilation, increased vascular permeability with liquid exiting the blood vessels and penetrating in the ti- ssues). What type of hypersensitivity reaction occurred in the patient?

Type III (immune complex)

Type V (granulomatosis)

Type II (antibody-dependent)

Type I (anaphylactic)

Type IV (cell cytotoxicity)

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Patients with erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther’s disease ) have teeth that fluoresce red on exposure to ultraviolet light; photosensitive skin; red urine. This disease is associated with the lack of the following enzyme:

Ferrochelatase

Uroporphyrinogen-I synthase

Uroporphyrinogen-III cosynthase

Delta-aminolevulinate synthase

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

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A 36-year-old patient with a several year history of chronic pulpitis had undergone tooth extraction. Microscopic examination of the pulp revealed some deep-purple structureless areas which can be interpreted as:

Metabolic calcification

Metastatic calcification

Dental tartar

Lithiasis

Dystrophic calcification

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A 34-year-old patient underwent a tooth extraction. The tooth crown was of diamond shape and had four tubercles on the masticatory surface, the tooth had three roots. What tooth was extracted?

The second mandibular molar

Second maxillary molar

The third maxillary molar

The first maxillary molar

The first mandibular molar

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Examination of a 29-year-old patient revealed a dense, immobile, ill-defined tumor-like formation in the lower jaw. The overlying mucosa was pale. Biopsy of the neoplasm revealed osteoid structures lined with atypical osteoblasts; numerous pathologic mitotic figures; a great number of thin-walled vessels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Primary jaw carcinoma

Osteosarcoma

Ameloblastoma

Exacerbation of chronic osteomyelitis

Osteoblastoclastoma

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Microscopic examination of a skin tumor revealed that it invaded the underlying tissue, destroyed it and formed nests and cords of atypical epithelium which included some pearl-like formations. Specify the tumor:

Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell non-keratinizing carcinoma

Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma

Medullary carcinoma

Solid carcinoma

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A 38-year-old female patient complains of bleeding gums, halitosis, exposure of tooth necks. Objectively: the patient has gingivitis, plaque and tartar. Inflammation involves the alveolar part of gingiva with dental pockets. The bone tissue exhibits signs of bone resorption. What pathology does the patient have?

Periostitis

Gingivitis

Periodontitis

Parodontitis

-

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A 9-year-old child has multiple lesions of the oral mucosa in form of small painful hyperemic sores with a white deposit in the center; enlarged and painful submandibular lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the affected region revealed a superficial defect covered by fibrin; edematic and hyperemic submucosa with inflammatory infiltration. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Hypertrophic stomatitis

-

Catarrhal gingivitis

Herpetic stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis

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A 38-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with inflammation of the third branch of the trigeminal nerve. This branch exits the skull through the following foramen:

Sphenotic

Oval

Round

Spinous

Jugular

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After restoration of maxllary incisors with artificial crowns a 44-year-old female was found to have a brownish overgrowth in form of a node of 15 mm in diameter. Histological study revealed that under the stratified squamous epithelium of gingiva there was a connective tissue mass with numerous sinusoidal vessels, oval-shaped mononuclear cells forming osteoid substance, and polynuclear giant cells that destroyed the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Gingival fibromatosis

Giant cell epulis

Eosinophilic granuloma

Fibromatous epulis

Angiomatous epulis

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In patients with glycogenolysis, that is von Gierke’s disease, the conversion of glucose-6phosphate into glucose is inhibited, which is accompanied by the improper breakdown of glycogen in the liver. The cause of this condition is the following enzyme deficiency:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Phosphoglucomutase

Phosphofructokinase

Glycogen phosphorylase

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What vitamin is a component of glutamic acid decarboxylase, participates in the production of GABA, and its deficiency is manifested by seizures?

Folic acid

Ascorbic acid

Pyridoxine

Cobalamin

Tocopherol

‹ Назад

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A patient under examination is in a stage of rapid eye movement sleep. This is confirmed by the following waves registered by EEG:

Alpha waves

Delta waves

Theta waves

Alpha spindles

Beta waves

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A 48-year-old patient has been found to have an increase in the concentration of thyroid hormones in blood. Microscopy of a biopsy sample from the thyroid gland is likely to reveal the following morphological changes affecting the following cells:

Decrease in the thyrotrope height

Decrease in the parathyrocyte size

Changes in hormone concentrations will have no effect on the morphology of the thyroid gland cells

Increase in the thyrocyte height

Decrease in the thyrocyte height

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During AB0 blood grouping by using coliclons (diagnostic monoclonal antibodies), haemagglutination did not occur with any of the coliclons. What is the blood group of the patient under examination?

AB (IV)

-

A (II)

0 (I)

B (III)

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During reproduction of some RNA-containing viruses that cause tumors in animals, genetic information can be transmitted in the opposite direction from the RNA to the DNA via a specific enzyme. The enzyme of reverse transcription is called:

Ligase

Primase

DNA polymerase

Topoisomerase

Reverse transcriptase

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In a hot weather, the microclimate in hot rooms is often normalized by fans. At the same time heat radiation from the human body increases through:

Convection

Conduction

Heat conduction

Evaporation

Radiation

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After arriving in the polar region, researchers from Australia have complained of nervous disorders, loss of appetite, aggravation of chronic diseases for 6 months. What process has been disrupted in extreme conditions?

Tachyphylaxis

Tolerance

Adaptation

Reparation

Stress

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A female who had been continuously taking antibiotics for an intestinal infection developed a complication manifested by inflammation of the oral mucosa and white deposit. Bacteriological study of the deposit samples revealed yeast fungi Candida albicans. Which of the following medications is indicated for the treatment of this complication?

Biseptol

Fluconazole

Polymyxin

Furazolidone

Tetracycline

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A histological specimen of submandibular salivary gland represents basket cells from which some processes radiate and embrace the secretory unit. Contraction of the processes of these cells helps in expelling secretions from the lumen of secretory units and moving them to the system of excretory ducts. Name these cells:

Serous cells

Epithelial cells

Mucocytes

Myoepithelial cells

Adipocytes

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After an infectious disease a 21-year-old patient exhibits the inability to rotate his head in the direction opposite to the affected region. What nerve has been damaged?

Accessory

Thoracodorsal

Infrascapular

Vagus

Transverse cervical nerve

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The surgically excised connective tissue of the deformed mitral valve gives a basophilic reaction when stained with hematoxylin and eosin. When stained with toluidine blue, it turns purple (metachromasia). What changes of the connective tissue can be detected by these reactions?

Fibrinoid necrosis of connective tissue

Mucoid edema

Hyalinosis

Connective tissue edema

Petrification

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An animal had been intensively fed with carbohydrates. Histological examination of its liver revealed a significant number of glycogen granules. Glycogen relates to the following group of cell structures:

Excretory granules

Secretory granules

Pigment granules

Special-purpose organelles

Trophic granules

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If a trait is determined mostly by genetic factors, the percentage of concordance between the twins is much higher in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic ones. What is the percentage of blood group concordance in monozygotic twins?

100%

0 %

25 %

50 %

75 %

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During auscultation a 26-year-old patient was asked to breathe deep. After 10 breaths the patient lost consciousness, which is associated with the development of the following condition:

Erythropenia

Carbon dioxide acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

Polycythemia

Reduced oxygen capacity of blood

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 49-year-old patient has a tumor of the ventral surface of the pons. An impaired blood flow will be observed in the following artery:

A. carotis interna

A. communicans posterior

A. cerebri media

A. cerebri anterior

A. basilaris

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Pyruvic acid as an intermediate metabolite of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism can undergo oxidative decarboxylation. The cause of this process is the lack of the following nutrient in the diet:

Pangamic acid

Ascorbic acid

Pyridoxine

Thiamin

Citrine

‹ Назад

Далі ›

In case of some helminthiases, an affected person can detect helminth himself because mature segments of the causative agent are able to crawl out of the anus. This is typical for the following disease:

Hymenolepiasis

Beef tapeworm infection

Echinococcosis

Pork tapeworm infection

Bothriocephaliasis

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A patient has an inflammation in the pterygopalatine fossa. The infection has spread to the nasal cavity. What anatomic structure has the infection penetrated through?

Canalis palatinus minor

Foramen rotundum

Foramen sphenopalatinum

Canalis ptherygoideus

Canalis palatinus major

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Histological examination of a tissue sample revealed that the tissue had no blood vessels, and the cells were packed tightly together making layers. Specify this tissue:

Epithelial

Osseous

Muscular

Cartilaginous

Nervous

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A 32-year-old patient has B2 hypovitaminosis. The specific symptoms such as epithelial, mucosal, skin and corneal lesions are most likely to be caused by the deficiency of:

Cytochrome oxidase

Flavin coenzymes

Cytochrome a1

Cytochrome c

Cytochrome b

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 24-year-old injured has a fracture in the middle third of the II rib. The fracture is accompanied by the dysfunction of the following muscle:

M. sternohyoideus

M. scalenus posterior

M. scalenus medius

M. subclavius

M. sternocleidomastoideus

‹ Назад

Далі ›

Diphtheria exotoxin had been treated with 0,3-0,4% formalin and kept in a thermostat for 30 days at a temperature of 40oC. What preparation was obtained as a result of these manipulations?

Antitoxin

Diagnosticum

Diagnostic serum

Anatoxin

Therapeutic serum

‹ Назад

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Examination of a 28-year-old patient with hepatocerebral degeneration revealed an impairment of ceruloplasmin synthesis. This defect is associated with the following organelles:

Lysosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

Granular endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

‹ Назад

Далі ›

In the uterine cavity an embryo was found that was not attached to the endometrium. What stage of embryonal development is it?

Zygote

Neurula

Blastocyst

Gastrula

Mulberry body

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 31-year-old patient has deep caries of the fifth maxillary tooth on the right. Acute purulent inflammation in the region of the tooth apex has developed. There is marked edema with isolated neutrophils in the perifocal tissues and soft tissues of cheek and palate. Diagnose the pathologic process in the soft tissues of cheek and palate:

Phlegmon

Acute suppurative periostitis

Acute suppurative periodontitis

-

Acute serous inflammation

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Далі ›

Microscopy of a dental plaque revealed a large number of cocci arranged in pairs and strings, as well as Gram-positive bacilli which were likely to be the cause of cariogenesis. What microorganism associations are involved in the development of dental caries?

S.salyvarius streptococci and lactobacilli

S.salyvarius streptococci and enterococci

S.aureus and lactobacilli

S.mutans streptococci and corynebacteria

S.mutans streptococci and lactobacilli

‹ Назад

Далі ›

Autopsy of a dead man with no fixed abode revealed the aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Microscopy of the middle tunica of aorta revealed lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates, plasma cells, fibroblast cells with some Pirogov-Langhans cells, endovasculitis. What disease should be suspected?

Rheumatism

Syphilis

Tuberculosis

Atherosclerosis

Essential hypertension

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Далі ›

A man visited Lebanon. Soon after return he felt pain and heaviness in the perineum and suprapubic region. On examination he was diagnosed with urogenital schistosomiasis. In what way could he become infected?

By eating unwashed fruit and vegetables

By eating insufficiently salted fish

By swimming in contaminated waters

By eating undercooked meat of crayfish and crabs

By eating undercooked meat of cattle

‹ Назад

Далі ›

Loose fibrous connective tissue of salivary glands contains oval averagesized cells which synthesize antibodies. The cells have round eccentric nucleus and 'spoke-wheel' chromatin pattern made by small clumps of chromatin. What are these cells called?

Fibroblasts

Adipocytes

Macrophages

Plasma cells

Neutrophils

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A physician performs the anterior transverse cervical skin incision for urgent tracheotomy. He should keep in mind the probability of damaging the following vessel:

Vfacialis

Vjugularis interna

Vjugularis externa

Arcus venosus juguli

Vthyroidea media

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Далі ›

A 12-year-old girl has a bleeding ulcer 5 mm in diameter which is localized on the mouth floor. The ulcer is surrounded by bright-red tissue that turns white when pressed. Microscopic examination of a biopsy sample reveals a tumor constituted by a number of large cavities filled with blood. The cavities are lined with endothelial cells. Between the cavities there is stroma represented by the loose connective tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Ulcerated cavernous hemangioma

Secondary rhabdomyosarcoma

Osteoblastoclastoma

Squamous cell non-keratinizing carcinoma

Ulcerated melanoma

‹ Назад

Далі ›

For the treatment of periostitis a 35-year-old patient should be administered an antibiotic with a high ability to penetrate into the bone tissue. Specify this drug:

Doxycycline hydrochloride

Erythromycin

Chloramphenicol

Streptomycin

Kanamycin

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A patient with a severe maxillofacial trauma has been delivered to the emergency department. What drug should be given this patient to relieve pain shock?

Pantogam

Mydocalm

Promedol

Sydnocarb

Ibuprofen

‹ Назад

Далі ›

After using a toothpaste a 27-year-old patient has developed Quincke’s edema. Administer a drug from the group of histamine H1-receptor antagonists for the treatment of this condition:

Chlorpromazine

Paracetamol

Dimedrol

Analgin

Digoxin

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 47-year-old patient with symptoms of severe intoxication and respiratory failure died. A section of lung tissue had a mottled pattern with multiple small focal hemorrhages and foci of emphysema. Histological examination revealed hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia accompanied by abscess; the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells had eosinophil and basophil inclusions. According to the section analysis, make your diagnosis:

Staphylococcal bronchopneumonia

Adenovirus infection

Influenza

Parainfluenza

Respiratory syncytial

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 64-year-old male patient died with symptoms of acute cardiovascular failure. Autopsy results: the section of the anterior wall of the left ventricle showed a yellowish flaccid 1,5-2 cm focus surrounded by a reddish rim. The convoluted coronary arteries had lumen irregularly narrowed by 75%. The vessel intima was thickened, dense, covered with whitish plaques, crunched when cut. What disease can you think of?

Continuously recurrent myocardial infarction

Postinfarction cardiosclerosis

Acute myocardial infarction

Recurrent myocardial infarction

Microfocal cardiosclerosis

‹ Назад

Далі ›

During an abdominal surgery a 46-year-old patient working at a meat processing plant was found to have a very dense roundish formation 11 cm in diameter which was localized in the right lobe of the liver. The cross-section of the formation has a porous appearance due to a large number of small vesicles with layers of dense connective tissue. The surrounding tissues have visible necrotic areas and proliferation of granulation tissue including many eosinophils and foreign body giant cells. What disease can be thought of in this case?

Calculous cholecystitis

Echinococcus multilocularis

Hepatitis

Malaria

Hepatic rhabdomyosarcoma

‹ Назад

Далі ›

During a hypertensive crisis a patient has had a hemorrhagic stroke resulting in a lack of voluntary movements, increased tendon reflexes and muscle tone of the left arm and leg. What is this motor dysfunction called?

Tetraplegia

Monoplegia

Hemiplegia

Paraplegia

Flaccid paralysis

‹ Назад

Далі ›

A 36-year-old patient underwent tooth extraction at a dental clinic. After two weeks the stratified squamous epithelium regenerated at this site. What organelles were involved in the restoration of the mucous membrane?

Ribosomes

Centrosomes

Postlysosomes

Smooth EPR

Mitochondria

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A 23-year-old patient consulted an oculist about vision impairment. Visual activity was corrected by means of lenticular lenses. Specify the type of dysfunction of the visual analyzer in this patient:

Hyperopia

Astigmatism

Night-blindness

Myopia

Daltonism

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A 36-year-old patient had had a traumatic brain injury which caused a swallowing impairment. Which part of brain was affected?

Thalamus

Medulla oblongata

Reticular formation

Mesencephalon

Diencephalon

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A 42-year-old patient with gastric ulcer has a disbalance between the aggressive and defensive factors. Which of the following factors contributes to the development of gastric ulcer?

Hydrocarbonate

Prostaglandin

Prostacyclin

Mucin

Helicobacter pylori

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A 45-year-old patient with an 8-year history of tuberculosis died in a hospital of chronic renal failure. At autopsy, the kidneys were enlarged, the cross-section surface looked greasy, histological study revealed profuse deposits of structureless homogeneous eosinophilic masses exhibiting marked metachromasia when stained with Congo red. What pathological process developed in the kidneys?

Secondary amyloidosis

Nephrosclerosis

Toxic nephritis against the background of antibiotic therapy

Hematogenous renal tuberculosis

Acute glomerulonephritis

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Autopsy of a dead 6-year-old child revealed a marked edema of the soft tissues of neck and enlarged tonsils. Pharyngeal mucosa was covered with numerous dense whitish-yellow pellicles exposing deep ulcers after their removal. Histological examination of the pharyngeal mucosa revealed necrosis of the upper epithelial layers, impregnation of the mucous memrane with the fibrinous exudate and moderate leukocyte infiltration. What infectious disease caused the death of the child?

Parainfluenza

Whooping cough

Measles

Diphtheria

Scarlet fever

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A severe injury in a 36-year-old patient resulted in a significant blood loss which was accompanied by a blood pressure drop. What hormones provide rapid recovery of blood pressure after the blood loss?

Sex hormones

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Adrenalin, vasopressin

Oxytocin

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Calcification of dental tissues is significantly influenced by osteocalcin protein which has an ability to bind calcium ions due to the presence of the following modified amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain:

Carboxy aspargine

Gamma-aminobutyric

Alanine

Delta-aminopropionic

Gamma-carbon glutamine

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A 47-year-old male patient consulted a dentist about difficult mouth opening (lockjaw). The patient has a history of a stab wound of the lower extremity. What infection can be manifested by these symptoms?

Anaerobic wound infection

Tetanus

Brucellosis

Whooping cough

Tularemia

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In the solution being used for perfusing the isolated heart of rat, the K + concentration has been increased to 8 mmol/L. What changes in the heart are to be expected?

Heart force increase

Diastolic arrest

Heart rate increase

There will be no changes

Systolic arrest

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After a patient had taken a blocking agent, his heart rate (HR) increased. Pressing on the eyeballs didn’t result in the expected reflectory decrease in heart rate. What exactly was blocked by the drug in the pacemaker cells?

Ca2+-L-type channels

M-cholinergic receptors

a-adrenergic receptors

Fast Na+ channels

3- adrenergic receptors

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A 36-year-old male patient frequently has herpes sores on the lips and oral mucosa. Infection recurrences are associated with the persistence of the virus in the body. The herpes simplex virus is most likely to reside in:

Airway epithelium

Nerve ganglia

Gonads

Lymph nodes

Salivary glands

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A 32-year-old patient undergoing dental examination was found to have some rash-like lesions resembling secondary syphilis in the oral cavity. The patient was referred for the serological study with the purpose of diagnosis confirmation. In order to detect antibodies in the serum, living Treponema were used as diagnosticum. What serological test was performed?

Precipitation

Neutralization

Passive hemagglutination

Immobilization

Complement binding

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A 69-year-old male patient got a small plaque with subsequent ulceration on the skin of the lower eyelid. The formation was removed. Microscopic examination of dermis revealed complexes of atypical epithelial cells arranged perpendicularly to the basal membrane on the periphery. The cells were dark, of polygonal prismatic shape with hyperchromic nuclei with a high mitotic rate. What is the histological form of carcinoma in this patient?

Adenocarcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma

Undifferentiated

Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma

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A 35-year-old female patient has HIV at the AIDS stage. On the skin of the lower extremities and palatine mucosa there appeared rusty red spots, bright red nodules of various sizes. One of the nodules was taken for histological study. It revealed a lot of randomly distributed thinwalled vessels lined with endothelium, the bundles of spindle cells containing hemosiderin. What kind of tumor developed in the patient?

Fibrosarcoma

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Lymphangioma

Burkitt’s lymphoma

Hemangioma

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A dentist examined a 5-year-old boy and found him to have a saddle nose, high-arched palate, natiform skull. Both front maxillary incisors are peg-shaped and have a crescent-shaped notch in the cutting edge. Lymph nodes are not changed. What is the provisional diagnosis?

Late congenital syphilis

Fluorosis

Rickets

Early congenital syphilis

Tertiary syphilis

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A 36-year-old injured with a knife wound of neck has bleeding. The blood is dark. During the wound management it was revealed that a vessel in the anterior part of the neck below the hyoid bone was damaged. Identify this vessel:

A. carotis communis

V jugularis interna

A. carotis externa

V jugularis anterior

V. jugularis externa

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ECG of a 46-year-old patient shows an increase in the QRS duration. This might be caused by:

Increased atrial excitability

Increased ventricular activation time

Increased atrial and ventricular excitability

Conduction disturbances in the AV node

Increased atrial activation time

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A 36- year-old patient has gastric ulcer (with increased acidity). Which of the listed below drugs will reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid with a minimum of side effects?

-

Atropine

Pirenzepine

Famotidine

Almagel

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A histological specimen represents an organ whose wall consists of the mucosa, submucosa, fibrocartilage and adventitious cartilage. The organ is lined by pseudostratified ciliary epithelium, the muscular layer of the mucosa is absent, the submucosa contains seromucous glands. Hyaline cartilage C-rings are present. What organ has the described morphological characteristics?

Larynx

Terminal bronchiole

Trachea

Secondary bronchus

Bronchiole

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A 28-year-old patient complains of frequent gingival haemorrhages. Blood test revealed the clotting factor II (prothrombin) deficiency. What phase of blood coagulation is impaired in this patient?

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Vascular-platelet haemostasis

Fibrinolysis

Thrombin generation

Clot retraction

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A patient with alcohol-induced liver injury has an impairment of biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous toxic compounds. These changes are likely to be caused by hypoactivity of the following chromoprotein:

Cytochrome oxidase

Cytochrome c1

Cytochrome P-450

Cytochrome b

Hemoglobin

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A 4-year-old child has purulent inflammation of the middle ear. The pathological process has spread to the artery that borders the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity. What vessel is involved in the pathological process?

A. carotis externa

A. temporalis superfacialis

A. carotis interna

A. meningea media

A. auricularis posterior

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Activation of free radical processes is a universal mechanism that triggers cell death. What inhibitors of this process should be administered as a part of therapeutic interventions intended for the treatment of generalized periodontitis?

Tocopherol, ascorbate

Thiamin, folate

Riboflavin, pyridoxine

Cobalamin, pantothenic acid

Calciferol, naphthoquinone

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Microscopic examination of the biopsy sample taken from a deformed upper jaw bone revealed areas of bone resorption and replacement of bone tissue by randomly arranged bundles of mature collagen fibers with spindle and stellate cells; primitive structure of trabeculae; myxomatous foci. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Osteoma

Osteoblastosarcoma

Fibrous osteodysplasia

Osteoporosis

Osteosarcoma

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A 35-year-old patient complains of pain in the upper jaw, bleeding, a slight loosening of teeth. He has been diagnosed with periodontitis. What is a typical pathological process in this case?

Redness

Bleeding

Inflammation

Caries

Pain

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With the purpose of analgesia, a narcotic analgesic has been used with a benzodiazepine drug. What drug has been used to potentiate analgesia?

Chlorprothixene

Diazepam

Imizinum

Triftazin

Carbamazepine

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