Step 1 - Stomatology 2010

Heterozygous parents with A(II) and B(III) blood group according to the AB0 system have got a child. What is the probability that the child has 0(I) blood group?

50 %

25%

0 %

100 %

75 %

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As a result of iodine deficiency in foodstuffs Transcarpathian people often have endemic goiter. This disease is caused by the following type of variability:

Ontogenetic

Correlative

Mutational

Combinatorial

Modification

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A girl who was provisionally diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome came to a genetic consultation. The diagnosis can be specified by means of the following genetic method:

Hybridological

Dermatoglyphics

Sex chromatin test

Genealogical

Biochemical

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A scientific expedition in India was guided by a native who had never parted with his dog. What invasion diseases can be transmitted to the participants of the expedition as a result of contacts with this dog if it is known to be the source of invasion?

Dicroceliasis

Teniasis

Echinococcosis

Fascioliasis

Paragonimiasis

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Inside a human cell the informational RNA containing both exons and introns was delivered to the granular endoplasmic reticulum to the ribosomes. What process does NOT take place?

Replication

Transcription

Prolongation

Translation

Processing

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Two weeks after hemotransfusion a patient developed fever. What protozoal disease can be suspected?

Trypanosomiasis

Amebiasis

Malaria

Leishmaniasis

Toxoplasmosis

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Examination of a patient’s oral cavity revealed contacting cutting edges of his superior and inferior incisors. Such tooth position is typical for the following occlusion:

Biprognathic occlusion

Closed occlusion

Orthognathia

Prognathism

Direct occlusion

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A patient has myocardial infarction in the region of the frontal wall of the left ventricle. Circulatory dysfunction occurred in the following vascular basin:

Frontal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery

Frontal ventricular branch of the right coronary artery

Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

Marginal branch of the left coronary artery

Atrioventricular branch of the left coronary artery

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As a result of a trauma a patient is unable to extend his cubital articulation. This may be caused by dysfunction of the following muscle:

Musculus levator scapule

Musculus subscapularis

Musculus infraspinatus

Musculus teres major

Musculus triceps brachii

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What artery may be damaged during the conduction anesthetization in the region of the mandibular foramen?

Median meningeal artery

Pterygoid branches

Lingual artery

Inferior alveolar artery

Buccal artery

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A 65-year-old male patient complains about being unable to move his lower jaw in backward direction. It was revealed that after a fall the following muscle was damaged:

Temporal

Digastric

Masticatory

Medial pterygopalatine

Lateral pterygopalatine

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As a result of a cold a patient has the abnormal pain and temperature sensitivity of the frontal 2 /3 of his tongue. Which nerve must be damaged?

Sublingual

Vagus

Accessory

Trigeminus

Glossopharyngeal

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A patient has torticollis. Which neck muscle is damaged?

M.sternocleidomastoideus

M.sternohyoideus

M.platisma

M.mylohyoideus

M.omohyoideus

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Examination of a patient who complains of deglutitive problem revealed a tumour-like eminence 1-2 cm in diameter on the tongue root in the region of the cecal foramen. These are overgrown remnants of the following gland:

Sublingual

Parathyroid

Thyroid

Adenohypophysis

Thymus

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A patient complains about having pain during mastication, especially when he moves his jaw forward or sideward. What muscles are damaged?

Medial pterygoid

Mylohyoid

Temporal

Masticatory

Lateral pterygoid

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While operating on a tumour of abdominal part of ureter a doctor should be aware of an important arterial vessel located in front of it. Which vessel is it?

A.testicularis

A.iliaca communis

A.renalis

A.iliaca interna

A.ileocolica

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A boy has fallen down from the tree. Now he finds it difficult to abduct his arm till it takes horizontal position. Which muscle is most probably injured?

M.anconeus

M.deltoideus

M.triceps brachii

M.coracobrachialis

M.supinator

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During an operation on a woman it became necessary to ligate her uterine artery. What formation can be accidentally ligated together with this artery?

Ureter

Urethra

Internal iliac vein

Uterine tube

Round ligament of uterus

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Heart auscultation revealed diastolic murmur in the II intercostal space along the right parasternal line. This is the evidence of the following valve pathology:

Valve of pulmonary trunk

Tricuspid

-

Aortic valve

Bicuspid

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A female patient with a tumour of pancreas has developed mechanic jaundice resulting from compression of a bile-excreting duct. Which duct is compressed?

Ductus choledochus

Ductus hepaticus communis

Ductus hepaticus sinister

Ductus hepaticus dexter

Ductus cysticus

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A histological specimen presenting a tooth slice shows that the intercellular dentin substance contains collagen fibers being tangential to the dentinoenamel junction and perpendicular to the dentinal tubules (Ebner’s fibers). This dentin layer is called:

Parapulpar dentin

Interglobular dentin

Secondary dentin

Mantle dentin

Granular layer

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A 35 y.o. patient diagnosed with sterility came to gynaecological department for diagnostic biopsy of endometrium. Microscopic examination revealed that mucous membrane is edematous, uterine glands are convoluted and filled with thick secreta. Such changes in the endometrium are caused by excess of the following hormon:

Progesterone

ACTH

Testosterone

Somatotropin

Estrogen

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Blood analysis of a 16-year-old girl suffering from the autoimmune inflammation of thyroid gland revealed multiple plasmatic cells. Such increase in plasmocyte number is caused by proliferation and differentiation of the following blood cells:

T-helpers

T-supressors

Tissue basophils

B-lymphocytes

T-killers

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A patient underwent gastroscopy that revealed insufficient amount of mucus covering the mucous membrane. This phenomenon is caused by the dysfunction of the following cells of stomach wall:

Cervical cells of gastric glands

Principal exocrinocytes of gastric glands

Parietal cells of gastric glands

Cells of prysmatic glandular epithelium

Endocrinocytes

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During postembryonal haemopoiesis in the red bone marrow the cells of one of the cellular differons demonstrate a gradual decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia as well as an increase in oxyphilia, the nucleus is being forced out. Such morphological changes are typical for the following haemopoiesis type:

Eosinophil cytopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Basophil cytopoiesis

Neutrophil cytopoiesis

Lymphopoiesis

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Underdevelopment of which parts of facial skeleton in the embryonal period is the reason for such a malformation as cleft palate?

Frontal processes

Palatine processes

Frontal and maxillary processes

Mandibular processes

Mandibular and palatine processes

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Obliterating atherosclerosis causes changes in the vessels of the lower extermities. A histological specimen of such a vessel evidently presents both internal and external elastic membranes, middle membrane contains a lot of myocytes. What vessel is affected in case of this disease?

Artery of muscular type

Artery of mixed type

Vein with strongly developed muscles

Artery of elastic type

Lymph node

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Examination of uterine cavity revealed an embryonated ovum that wasn’t attached to the endometrium. The embryo is in the following stage of development:

Gastrula

Morula

Neurula

Zygote

Blastocyst

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A histological specimen of an eyeball shows a structure in form of a convexoconvex formation connected with the ciliary body by the fibers of ciliary zonule and covered with a transparent capsule. Specify this structure:

Vitreous body

Sclera

Crystalline lens

Cornea

Ciliary body

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A 30-year-old woman has subnormal concentration of enzymes in the pancreatic juice. This might be caused by the hyposecretion of the following gastrointestinal hormone:

Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin

Somatostatin

Vaso-intestinal peptide

Gastro-inhibiting peptide

Secretin

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It is known that people who permanently live in highland have an increased concentration of erythrocytes per each blood volume unit. Owing to this fact blood can optimally fulfil the following function:

Haemostasis participation

Gas transport

Amino acid transport

Maintenance of ionic equilibrium

Maintenance of acid-base balance

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While exercising on a bicycle ergometer a sportsman was trying to choose such a load that would allow him to achieve the maximal performance of his muscles. What load intensity is required in this case?

Maximal

Alternating minimal and maximal

Minimal

Continuous minimal

Middle

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A lightly dressed man is standing in a room; air temperature is + 14°C. Windows and doors are closed. In what way does he loose heat most of all?

Evaporation

Perspiration

Heat radiation

Convection

Heat conduction

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ECG of a patient shows that T-waves in the second standard extremity lead are positive, their amplitude and duration are normal. It would be true that the following pocess is taking its normal course in the cardiac ventricles:

Depolarization

Relaxation

Contraction

Excitement

Repolarization

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A 70-year-old patient is diagnosed with brainstem haemorrhage. Examination revealed increased tonus of flexor muscles accompanied by decreased tonus of extensor muscles. Such changes in muscle tonus can be explained by the irritation of the following brain structures:

Black substance

Vestibular nuclei

Reticular formation

Quadrigeminal plate

Red nuclei

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A patient who takes a blocker of membrane cytoreceptors of efferent conductor synapses of autonomic nervous system complains about dry mouth. What receptors are blocked?

Nicotinic cholinoreceptors

^-adrenoreceptors

H2 -receptors

3- adrenoreceptors

Muscarinic cholinoreceptors

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A child has abnormal formation of tooth enamel and dentin as a result of low concentration of calcium ions in blood. Such abnormalities might be caused by deficiency of the following hormone:

Triiodothyronine

Parathormone

Thyrocalcitonin

Somatotropic hormone

Thyroxin

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ECG of a patient showed that RR interval equaled 1,5 s, heart rate equaled 40 bpm. What is the cardiac pacemaker?

Sinus node

Left branch of His’ bundle

Right branch of His’ bundle

Atrioventricular node

His’ bundle

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Examination of a patient revealed that he had a strong, balanced, inert type of higher nervous activity according to Pavlov’s classification. What temperament has this patient according to Hippocrate?

Sanguine

Phlegmatic

Choleric

-

Melancholic

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Glucose concentration in a patient’s blood is 15 millimole/l (reabsorption threshold is 10 millimole/l). What effect can be expected?

Reduced aldosterone secretion

Diuresis reduction

Reduced glucose reabsorption

Reduced vasopressin secretion

Glucosuria

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After destruction of CNS structure an animal lost its orientative reflexes. What exactly was destroyed?

Black substance

Medial reticular nuclei

Lateral vestibular nuclei

Quadrigeminal plate

Red nuclei

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It was determined that basal metabolic rate of a patient under study increased due value by 8 %. This means that the intensity of energetic metabolism processes in this patient is :

Normal

Essentially inhibited

Moderately inhibited

Moderately increased

Essentially increased

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Blood of a child and putative father was referred to forensic medical examination for affiliation. What chemical components should be identified in the blood under study?

Transfer RNA

Messenger RNA

DNA

Ribosomal RNA

SnRNA

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A 13-year-old patient complains of general weakness, dizziness, fatiguabili-ty. Mental retardation is also observed. Examination revealed high concentration of valine, isoleucine and leucine in blood and urine. The patient’s urine has a specific smell. What is the likely cause of such condition?

Addison’s disease

Maple syrup urine disease

Basedow’s disease

Histidinemia

Tyrosinosi

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A patient complains about attacks of laboured breathing, dizziness. He works at a chemical plant producing hydrocyanic acid. The described symptoms might be associated with dysfunction of the following enzyme:

Lactate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Catalase

Cytochrome oxidase

Succinate dehydrogenase

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A patient has increased pyruvate concentration in blood. Large amount of it is excreted with urine. What vitamin deficiency is observed?

Bi

B3

E

B6

B2

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A man is in the state of rest. He has been forcing himself to breath deeply and frequently for 3-4 minutes. What effect will it have upon acid-bace balance of the organism?

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory alkalosis

There will be no change in acid-base balance

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A patient with high obesity was recommended to take carnitine as a food additive for better fat burning. What function is fulfilled by carnitine in the process of fat oxidation?

Fatty acid activation

Participation in one of the reactions of beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Intracellular lipolysis activation

Transport of fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria

Transport of fatty acids from the fat depots to the tissues

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Examination of urine in a newborn revealed presence of citrulline and high ammonia concentration. This baby is most likely to have the disorder of the following substance production:

Creatine

Urea

Creatinine

Uric acid

Ammonia

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Pellagra may be caused by maize domination and low quantity of animal foodstuffs in the dietary intake. This pathology results from lack of the following amino acid:

Histidine

Tryptophane

Phenylalanine

Isoleucine

Methionine

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Parodontitis is treated with calcium preparations and a hormone that stimulates tooth mineralization and inhibits tissue resorption. What hormone is it?

Aldosterone

Adrenalin

Calcitonin

Parathormone

Thyroxine

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At an altitude of 14000 m an aircraft experienced a sudden loss of cabin pressure. The pilot must have developed the following type of embolism:

Thromboembolism

Air embolism

Fat embolism

Gaseous

Foreign body embolism

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Introduction of a local anesthetic to a patient resulted in the development of anaphylactic shock. What is the leading mechanism of blood circulation disturbance?

Decrease of vascular tone

Reduction of contractile myocardium function

Activation of sympathoadrenal system

Hypervolemia

Pain

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A teenger had his tooth extracted under novocain anaesthesia. 10 minutes later he presented with skin pallor, dyspnea, hypotension. When this reaction is developed and the allergen achieves tissue basophils, it reacts with:

IgA

IgM

T-lymphocytes

IgE

IgD

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A 50-year-old male patient suffers from chronic bronchitis, complains about dyspnea during physical activity, sustained cough with sputum. After examination he was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema. This complication is caused by:

Decrease in alveolar ventilation

Decrease in lung elasticity

Decrease in lung perfusion

Ventilation-perfusion disbalance

Decrease in lung compliance

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A woman with intractable vomiting was admitted to the infectious disease ward.What changes of water-salt metabolism are likely to be observed?

Hyperosmolar dehydration

Hyper-osmolar hyperdehydration

Iso-osmolar dehydration

Hypo-osmolar dehydration

Hypo-osmolar hyperdehydration

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A chemical industry worker complains about enamel wear. Objectively: generalized destruction of dental crowns along with replacing dentin formation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Necrosis of hard tooth tissues

Dental erosion

Median caries

Wedge-shaped defects

Fluorosis

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Examination of a 30-year-old man’s mandible revealed in the region of his molar a dense tumour-like formation that significantly deformed the mandible. Here and there the formation wasn’t fully detached from the bone tissue. Microscopical examination of a tissue sampling revealed that stroma had some cords and follicles with odontogenous cylindric epithelial cells in peripheria and stellate cells resembling of the enamel oragan pulp in the centre. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Adenocarcinoma

Ameloblastoma

Primary intraosteal cancer

Osteoclastoma

Adenomatoid tumour

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A female patient suffering from secondary syphilis got foci of skin depigmentation in the upper parts of her back. What pathological process is it?

Dysplasia

Leukoplasia

Metaplasia

Leukoderma

Parakeratosis

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A 14-year-old patient was diagnosed with Hutchinson’s triad: barrel-shaped incisors, parenchymatous keratitis and deafness. The revealed presentations are consistent with the following disease:

Opisthorchiasis

Syphilis

Lepra

Toxoplasmosis

Tuberculosis

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Autopsy of a 70-year-old man who died from cardiac insufficiency revealed deformed and constricted coronary arteries. The artery section shows that the inti-mal surface is stony hard and fragile. It is also whitish, with nodular appearance. What stage of atherosclerosis is it?

Atheromatosis

Liposclerosis

Atherocalcinosis

Lipoidosis

Ulceration

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Autopsy of an aged man who had been suffering from acute intestinal upset for the last 2 weeks revealed the following changes in the rectum and sigmoid colon: mucous membrane surface was coated with brown-green film. The intestine wall was thickened, and its cavity was extremely constricted. Microscopical examination revealed variously deep penetrating necrosis of mucous membrane; necrotic masses contained fibrin fibers and bore signs of leukocytic infiltration. What is the most likely diagnosis?

-

Fibrinous colitis

Ulcerative colitis

Follicular collitis

Catarrhal colitis

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Autopsy of a man, who died from typhoid fever on the 5th day of disease, revealed the following changes: aggregated follicles of ileum were enlarged and plethoric; they protruded over the mucous membrane, and multiple sulci and convolutions could be seen on their surface. Histological examinatio revealed plethority and edema of tissues, presense of granulomas composed of big cells with light cytoplasm and containing typhoid bacilli. These local changes are compliant with the following period of typhoid fever:

Stage of necrosis

Stage of ulcer healing

Stage of clean ulcers

Stage of ulceration

Stage of medullary swelling

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Autopsy of a 68 year old man who died from chronic cardiac insufficiency revealed deformed, thickened, conjoined cusps of mitral valve. Along the edge of joining there were small (1-2 mm) thrombs. What form of endocarditis caused development of chronic cardiac insufficiency?

Fibroplastic

Polypoulcerous

Acute verrucous

Recurrent verrucous

Diffuse

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A 5 y.o. child had a temperature rise up to 40oC, acute headache, vomiting, anxiety, chill. 4 days later there appeared hemorrhagic skin eruption, oliguria and adrenal insufficiency that caused death. Bacteriological examination of smears from the child’s pharynx revealed meningococcus. What disease form was revealed?

Meningoencephalitis

-

Meningicoccal nasopharyngitis

Meningococcal meningitis

Meningococcemia

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Autopsy of a man, who died from acute posthaemorrhagic anaemia resulting from pulmonary haemorrhage, revealed the following: macroscopically -lung apexes were deformed, their section showed multiple whitish-grey foci 10-15 mm in diameter and multiple pathological cavities up to 15 mm in diameter with dense walls. Microscopically: the cavity walls presented proliferation of the connective tissue infiltrated by epithelioid cells, multicellular giant cells and lymphocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Progressing tuberculosis complex

Secondary fibrocavernous tuberculosis

Hematogenic disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis

Hematogenic miliary pulmonary tuberculosis

Primary tuberculosis without signs of progress

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Vaccination is done by means of a toxin that has been neutralized by a formaldehyde (0,4%) at a temperature 37 — 40oC for four weeks. Ramond was the first to apply this preparation for diphtheria prophylaxis. What preparation is it?

Inactivated vaccine

Adjuvant

Antitoxic serum

Immunoglobulin

Anatoxin

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A 65-year-old patient with chronic heart failure has been taking digitoxin in self-administered dosages for a long time. She was admitted to the hospital for general health aggravation, arrhythmia, nausea, reduced diuresis, insomnia. What is the primary action to be taken?

To administer strophanthine intravenously

To reduce digitoxin dosage

To administer digoxin

To withhold digitoxin

To give an intravenous injection of calcium gluconate solution

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In a surgical department of a stomatological polyclinic a patient is being prepared for tooth extraction. What drug should be added to the solution of a local anaesthetic in order to prolong its action?

Octadine

Isadrine

Adrenalin hydrochloride

Noradrenaline hydrotartrate

Salbutamol

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A patient diagnosed with acute pancreatitis was admitted to the surgical department. Which drug administration would be pathogenetically grounded?

Chymotripsin

Fibrinolysin

Pancreatin

Contrical

Tripsin

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A patient complains about shin pain which is getting worse during walking. Objectively: there is an edema and reddening along the vein. A doctor administered a direct coagulant to be applied topically. What drug can be applied for this purpose?

Thrombin

Heparin ointment

Troxevasin ointment

Butadion ointment

Salicylic ointment

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A patient complains about retrosternal pain, dyspnea and palpitation. After examination he was diagnosed with coronary heart disease and prescribed verapamil. What is the mechanism of its action?

It blocks calcium channels

It blocks 3-adrenoreceptors

It blocks potassium channels

It blocks sodium channels

It blocks ^-adrenoreceptors

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A patient consulted a dentist about the temporomandibular joint arthritis. The dentist administered an ointment containing diclofenac sodium. What is its mechanism of action?

Opiate receptor block

Opiate receptor activation

Cyclooxigenase activation

Cyclooxigenase inhibition

Phospholipase inhibition

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A newborn didn’t take his first breath. Autopsy revealed that in spite of unobstructed respiratory tracts the baby’s lungs didn’t expand. What might be the cause of it?

Bronchostenosis

Alveole enlargement

Surfactant absence

Apical cap of lung

Bronchi rupture

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A patient is found to have increased permeability of blood vessel walls accompanied by increased gingival haemorrhage, petechial skin haemorrhages, dedentition. What pathology is observed in this patient?

Hypervitaminosis D

Hypovitaminosis C

Hypovitaminosis A

Hypervitaminosis C

Hypovitaminosis D

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As a result of a trauma a patient has damaged frontal spinal roots. What structures are likely to be affected?

Axons of the lateral horn neurons

Central processes of the sensory neurons of the spinal ganglions

Dendrites of the spinal ganglion neurons

Axons of the motoneurons and axons of the lateral horn neurons

Peripheral processes of the sensory neurons of the spinal ganglions

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While being at the dentist’s a patient had an attack of bronchial asthma. The dentist applied a 3- adrenomimetic drug in form of inhalations. What drug was applied?

Aminophylline

Salbutamol

Ephedrine hydrochloride

Adrenaline hydrochloride

Atropine sulfate

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A patient complains of headache, difficult respiration. Rhoentgenologi-cal examination allowed to confirm the following diagnosis: frontitis (frontal sinus inflammation). Which nasal meatus may contain purulent discharges?

Superior

Common

Inferior

Median

Above the superior nasal turbinate

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While examining a blood smear taken form a patient and stained by Romanovsky’s method a doctor revealed some protozoa and diagnozed the patient with Chagas disease. What protozoan is the causative agent of this disease?

Leishmania donovani

Toxoplasma gondii

Trypanosoma brucei

Leishmania tropica

Trypanosoma cruzi

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The air in a room has increased concentration of carbonic acid. What respiratory changes ( depth and rate) will be observed in a person after entering this room?

Decrease in rate

Increase in depth

Increase in depth and rate

Decrease in depth

Increase in rate

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A 38 year old patient takes aspirin and sulfanilamides. After their intake intensified erythrocyte haemolysis is observed which is caused by deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This pathology is caused by failure of the following coenzyme:

Ubiquinone

NADP - H

FMN - H2

Pyridoxal phosphate

FAD - H2

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A child suspected for tuberculosis underwent Mantoux test. 24 hours after allergen injection there appeared a swelling, hyperaemia and tenderness. What are the main components in the development of this reaction?

B-lymphocytes, IgM

Macrophages, B-lymphocytes and monocytes

Granulocytes, T-lymphocytes and IgG

Plasmatic cells, T-lymphocytes and lymphokines

Mononuclears, T-lymphocytes and lymphokines

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Children often have laboured nasal breathing which is caused by overdevelopment of lymphoid tissue of the pharyngeal mucous membrane. This phenomenon may cause enlargement of the following tonsils:

All above-mentioned

Tonsilla lingualis

Tonsilla pharyngea

Tonsilla tubaria

Tonsilla palatina

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The total number of leukocytes in patient’s blood is 90 • 109/l. Leukogram: eosinophils - 0%, basophils - 0%, juvenile - 0%, stab neutrophils - 2%, segmentonuclear cells - 20%, lymphoblasts -1%, prolymphocytes - 2%, lymphocytes - 70%, monocytes - 5%, BotkinGumprecht cells. Clinical examination revealed enlarged cervical and submandibular lymph nodes. Such clinical presentations are typical for the following pathology:

Chronic myeloleukosis

Acute lympholeukosis

Chronic lympholeukosis

Infectious mononucleosis

Lymphogranulomatosis

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In the mountains some clinically healthy people present with anaemia symptoms. Blood test can reveal sickle cells. What is the genotype of such people?

XCXc

XcXc

Aa

AA

aa

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A female patient suffering from chronic hepatitis complains about an increased susceptibility to barbiturates, which previously induced no syptoms of intoxication. This may be explained through the folllowing liver dysfunction:

Cholepoietic

Hemopoietic

Metabolic

Phagocytal

Hemodynamic

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Bacteriological analysis of purulent discharges from urethra revealed presence of gramnegative bacteria resembling of coffee beans, which were able to decompose glucose and maltose into acid. They were found in the leukocytes. These bacteria are causative agents of the following disease:

Melioidosis

Venereal lymphogranulomatosis

Gonorrhoea

Syphilis

Ulcul molle

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Examination of a 35-year-old patient included histological analysis of the red bone marrow punctate that revealed a significant increase in the megakaryocyte number. This will cause the following alterations in the peripheral blood:

Thrombocytosis

Leukocytosis

Thrombocytopenia

Agranulocytosis

Leukopenia

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According to the law of constant chromosome number, each species of most animals has a definite and constant number of chromosomes. The mechani-smus providing this constancy in sexual reproduction of the organisms is called:

Amitosis

Meiosis

Regeneration

Shizogony

Gemmation

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While under barbituric anaesthesia a 65-year-old male patient developed respiratory inhibition. Anesthesiologist made him a 10 ml intravenous injection of 0,5% bemegride solution. The patient’s condition got better, the pulmonary ventilation volume increased. What phenomenon underlies the interaction of these medi-vcations?

Indirect antagonism

Indirect synergism

Unilateral antagonism

Direct antagonism

Direct synergism

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A 45-year-old patient was admitted to the resuscitation department with a laryngeal edema. During tracheotomy a surgeon accidentally cut across the jugular venous arch that lies within:

Spatium interscalenum

Spatium antescalenum

Spatium interaponeuroticum suprasternale

Spatium retropharyngeale

Spatium pretracheale

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During physical exercise people are less sensitive to pain. The reason for it is the activation of:

Thyroid gland functions

Adrenal gland functions

Antinociceptive system

Sympathoadrenal system

Nociceptive system

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30 minutes after a road accident a 35-year-old man was found to have a massive trauma of his lower extremities without significant external haemorrhage. The injured is in excited state. What is the leading component of traumatic shock pathogenesis that requires immediate correction?

Pain

Internal organs dysfunction

Internal haemorrhage

Internal plasm loss

Intoxication

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A patient was diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis associated with vitamin H (biotin) deficiency. The patient has disturbed activity of the following enzyme:

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase

Pyruvate decarboxylase

Amino transferase

Carbomoyl phosphate synthetase

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A 60-year-old patient consulted a doctor about retrosternal pain arising immediately after physical exercise. He was prescribed nitroglycerin. The medication relieved retrosternal pain but the patient got acute headache. What is the likely mechanism of this side effect?

Intracranial pressure rise

Inhibited formation of mediators in brain

Reduced accumulation of calcium ions

Phosphodiesterase block

^-adrenoreceptor block

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Coprological examination of a patient’s feces revealed small operculate eggs. It is known from the anamnesis that the patient often consumes fish. What fluke parasitizes in the patient’s organism?

Cat liver fluke

Liver fluke

Lung fluke

Lancet fluke

Blood fluke

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While on holiday in the countryside a boy found a spider with the following morphological peculiarities: body length at the rate of 2 cm, round black abdomen with two rows of red dots on its dorsal surface, four pairs of segmented extremities covered with tiny black hairs. Identify this arthropod:

Mite

Steppe spider (Latrodectus tredeci-mguttatus)

Scorpion

Solifugae

Tarantula

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Clinical examination of a female patient revealed reduction of basal metabolism by 40%, gain in body mass, drop of body temperature, face puffiness, sexual disfunctions, inertness and apathy, lowered intelligence. These symptoms are caused by dysfunction of the following endocrine gland:

Hyperfunction of thyroid gland

Hypophysis hyperfunction

Epiphysis hypofunction

Hypofunction of thyroid gland

Hypofunction of parathyroid glands

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Examination of a patient with an interbrain injury revealed the hearing impairment. What structures must be damaged?

Intralaminar nuclei of hypothalamus

Frontal nuclei of hypothalamus

Medial nuclei of hypothalamus

Lateral geniculate bodies of thalamus

Medial geniculate bodies of thalamus

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As a result of a trauma apatient has developed traumatic shock. The patient is fussy, talkative, pale. AP- 140/90 mm Hg, Ps- 120 bpm. This condition is consistent with the following shock phase:

Erectile

Terminal

-

Latent

Torpid

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A patient with toxic paralysis of respiratory centre was given several cordiamin injections intended to stimulate the respiratory centre. What side effect may arise?

Collapse

Tonic convulsions

Bronchiospasm

Arrhythmia

Clonic convulsions

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A patient who has been treated for viral hepatitis B developed symptoms of hepatic insufficiency. What changes indicating disorder in protein metabolism are likely to be observed in this case?

Protein rate in blood will stay unchanged

Absolute hyperfibrinogenemia

Absolute hypoalbuminemia

Absolute hyperalbuminemia

Absolute hyperglobulinemia

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Before an operation a 30-year-old male patient had his blood typed. It turned out to be Rhpositive. Erythrocytes were not agglutinated by standard sera of 0(I), A(II), B(III) groups. According to the AB0 blood group system this blood is of the following type:

-

A(II)

0(I)

B(III)

AB(IV)

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As a result of a chest trauma the costal cartilage was damaged. The cartilage regenerates due to the following layer of perichondrium:

Fibrous

Chondrogenic

Elastic

Collagen

Sharpey’s fibers

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After parenteral introduction of a medication a patient fell into a coma. He had Cheyne-Stokes respiration, apparently miotic pupils. The patellar reflex was preserved. What medication might have caused the intoxication?

Phenobarbital

Diazepam

Aminazine

Analgine

Morphine hydrochloride

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A histological specimen of a mandibular gland shows an exctretory duct. Mucous membrane of the duct is lined with cubic epithelium whose cells have weakly developed organellas. What excretory duct is it?

-

Interlobular

Striated

Intercalated

Common excretory

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During starvation normal rate of glucose is maintained by means of gluconeogenesis activation. What substance can be used as a substrate for this process?

Ammonia

Alanine

Adenine

Guanine

Urea

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A patient has applied eye drops containing atropine which resulted in persistent mydriasis. Which muscle was blocked?

Oblique

Pupil-dilating

Ciliate

Rectus

Pupil-contracting

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A pregnant woman lost for about 800 ml of blood during labour. There is also tachycardia, arterial pressure is 100/70 mm Hg, tachypnea up to 28/min. What hypoxia type is primary in such clinical situation?

Cardiovascular

Mixed

Blood

Tissue

Respiratory

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A patient has coronary heart disease. For its treatment he was prescribed an antianginal drug that activates guanylate cyclase and accumulates cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the miocardium cells. What drug is it?

Isosorbide mononitrate

Validol

Dipiridamol

Verapamil

Panangine

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A patient with convulsive contractions of facial muscles was admitted to the infectious disease ward. From a scratch on his lower right extremity analysts isolated bacteria with terminal endospores that gave them drumstick appearance. What bacteria are compliant with given descri- ption?

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium botulinum

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A patient complained about a carbuncle on his face. Examination results: neither dense nor painful edema of subcutaneous cellular tissue, there is black crust in the middle of the carbuncle and peripheral vesicular rash around it. Bacteriological examination revealed presence of immobile streptobacilli able of capsulation. What microorganisms are causative agents of this disease?

Bacillus megaterium

Bacillus anthracoides

Staptylococcus aureus

Bacillus antracis

Bacillus subtilis

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A scheme shows an exocrinous gland with an unbranched excretory duct into which only one terminal part in form of a saccule opens. In compliance with the morphological classification of exocrinous glands, such gland is called as follows:

Complex unbranched alveolar

Simple branched tubular

Simple unbranched alveolar

Complex unbranched alveolar-tubular

Complex branched alveolar

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It was revealed that a patient with coagulation failure has thrombosis of a branch of inferior mesenteric artery. What bowel segment is affected?

Caecum

Colon sigmoideum

Ileum

Colon transversum

Colon ascendens

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Researches of the latest decades established that immediate 'executors' of cell apoptosis are special enzymes called caspases. Generation of one of them proceeds with participation of cytochrome What is its function in a normal cell?

Enzyme of respiratory chain of electron transport

Enzyme of tricarboxylic acid cycle

Component of H+ATP system

Enzyme of beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Component of pyruvate-dehydrogenase system

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A patient was admitted to a surgical department for an operation. He has to undergo neuroleptanalgesia. To achieve neuroleptanalgesia it would be rational to combine fentanyl with the following medicine:

Cholosasum

Droperidol

Fraxiparine

Pilocarpine

Salbutamol

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To prevent possible negative effect upon the gastric mucsa a patient with rheumatoid arthritis was administered a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug - a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Specify this drug:

Acetylsalicinic acid

Ibuprofen

Butadion

Celecoxib

Analgine

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Treatment of many diseases involves use of cocarboxylase (thiamine pyrophosphate) for supplying cells with energy. What metabolic process is activated in this case?

Decarboxylation of biogenic amines

Detoxication of harmful substances in liver

Amino acids decarboxylation

Glutamate deamination

Oxidizing decarboxylation of pyruvate

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A patient suffering from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was prescribed glibenclamid internally. What is the mechanism of its hypoglycemic action?

It inhibits glucose absorption in the bowels

It intensifies utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues

It inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver

It inhibits alpha glucosidase and polysaccharide breakdown

It stimulates generation of endogenous insulin by beta cells

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Dehelmintization of a patient revealed some long fragments of a helminth with segmented structure. Mature segments were rectangular, 30x12 mm large, closed-type matrix was in form of a stem with 17-35 lateral branches. Specify this helminth:

Armed tapeworm

Echinococcus

Dwarf tapeworm

Hookless tapeworm

Alveococcus

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A patient with gastric ulcer underwent a course of treatment, which led to digestion normalization, pain relief, better mood. However in a few weeks the epigastric pain as well as heartburn and sour eructation recurred. Such course of the disease can be characterized as:

Remission period

Complication

Prodromal period

Latent period

Relapse

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In hemotransfusions it is recommended to transfuse only phenotype-matched blood. According to the AB0 system, blood group is determined by:

Proteins of blood serum

Carbohydrate determinants of erythrocyte membranes

Protein-polysaccharide components of leukocytes

Carbohydrate determinants of leukocyte membranes

Protein determinants of erythrocyte membranes

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A 35 year old man got a trauma that resulted in complete rupture of spinal cord at a level of the first cervical segment. What changes of respiration will be observed?

Respiration will come to a standstill

Respiration will become diaphragmatic

Respiration won’t change

Respiration will become infrequent and deep

Respiration will become frequent and shallow

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Examination of a patient, suffering from atrophic gastritis, revealed megaloblastic anemia. The anemia is likely to be caused by the deficiency of the following substance:

Gastromucoproteid

Vitamin B6

Iron

Vitamin Bi

Erythropoietins

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A patient suffering from syphilis was prescribed a drug the action of which based upon disturbed generation of murein leading to death of the causative agent. What drug is it?

Doxycycline hydrochloride

Benzylpenicillin sodium salt

Bijochinol

Ciprofloxacin

Azithromycin

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A patient being treated in the burns department has suppurative complication. The pus is of bluish-green colour that is indicative of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. What factor is typical for this causative agent?

Coccal form

Cell pairing

Gram-negative stain

Mycelium formation

Presense of spores

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Specimen of a patient’s sputum was stained with the following dyes and reagents: Ziehl’s solution, methylene blue solution, 5% solutoin of sulfuric acid. What staining method was applied?

Gram’s

Ziehl-Neelsen

Peshkov’s

Neisser’s

Burri’s

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Cystinuria in humans shows itself in form of cystine stones in kidneys (homozygotes) or else an increased rate of cystine in urine (heterozygotes). Cysti-nuria is a monogenic disease. Specify the type of interaction between cystinuria genes and normal rate of cystine in urine:

Codomination

Complete dominance

Complementarity

Epistasis

Semidominance

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On examination a male patient was diagnosed with acute radiation dsease. Laboratory examination revealed abrupt decrease in serotonin found in blood platelets. A likely cause of decrease in serotonin concentration would be metabolic imbalance of the following substance:

Phenyl alanine

Histidine

Tyrosine

Serine

5-oxytryptophane

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A 40 year old female patient has enlarged thyroid gland. On palpation the gland is dense, its surface is slightly tuberous. Histological examination of gland sample revealed diffuse infiltration of tissue by the cells, formation of lymphoid follicles. What disease is it?

Diffuse toxic goiter

Riedel’s disease

Sporadic goiter

Endemic goiter

Autoimmune thyroiditis

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A patient was delivered to a hospital after having been exposed to ionizing radiation. He presents with vomiting, anorexia, pain in different region of abdomen, bloody feces, elevation of body temperature, inertness. Such clinical presentations are typical for the following form of acute radiation disease:

Combined

Bone-marrow

Intestinal

Cerebral

Toxemic

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An electrical cardiostimulator was implanted to a 75 y.o. man with heart rate of 40 bpm. After that heart rate rose up to 70 bpm. Cardiostumulator assumed the function of the following heart part:

His’ bundle branches

His’ bundle fibers

Purkinje’s fibers

Sinoatrial node

Atrioventricular node

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A 40-year-old male patient had a tumour-like formation 8x7 cm large on his neck. A surgeon removed it only partially because of close connection with large vessels. Microscopical examination revealed marked cellular and tissue atypism, lipoblast-type cells in different stages of maturity, with polymorphism and nuclear hyperchromia, pathological mitoses, necrosis foci. Specify the histological form of the tumour:

Fibroma

Lipoma

Hibernoma

Liposarcoma

Fibrosarcoma

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It is known that patients with diabetes mellitus are more subject to inflammative processes, they have low regeneration and slower wound healing. What is the reason for this?

Intensification of catabolism

Increase in lipolysis

Decrease in lipolysis

Accelerated gluconeogenesis

Decrease in protheosynthesis

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A 60-year-old female patient presents with hypoactivity of the principal digestive enzyme of saliva. This is usually accompanied by disturbed primary hydrolysis of:

Cellulose

Proteins

Lactose

Fats

Carbohydrates

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A patient who has been taking a certain drug for a long time cannot discontinue the use of it because this causes psychic and somatic disfunctions. The syndrome occuring at refraining from the use of a drug is called:

Tachyphylaxis

Idiosyncrasy

Sensitization

Cumulation

Abstinence

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A 49-year-old woman spent a lot of time standing. As a result of it she got leg edema. What is the most likely cause of the edema?

Increase in hydrostatic pressure of blood in veins

Decrease in hydrostatic pressure of blood in veins

Increase in oncotic pressure of blood plasma

Decrease in hydrostatic pressure of blood in arteries

Increase in systemic arterial pressure

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For infection prevention a patient who underwent appendectomy was prescribed a cephalosporin antibiotic. Antimicrobial activity of these antibiotics is called forth by the disturbance of the following process:

Microbial wall formation

Ribosomal protein synthesis

Cholinesterase block

Energy metabolism

Nucleic acid synthesis

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A man who has been staying in a stuffy room for a long time lost consciousness. He regained consciousnes after inhalation of ammonia spirit vapour. This substance’s effect is connected with direct influence upon the following structures:

Resistive vessels

Receptors of upper airways

Capacitive vessels

Vasculomotor centre

Respiratory centre

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Examination of a patient with chronic renal insufficiency revealed an increase in residual nitrogen concentration in blood up to 35 millimole/l, more than half of which is urea. What type of hyperazotemia is it?

Combined

Productional

Residual

Hepatic

Retentional

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During examination of a child’s oral cavity a pediatrician found 8 incisors. The child’s development corresponds to his age. How old is the child?

12-15 months

16-20 months

10-12 months

6-7 months

7-8 months

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Blood analysis of a patient suffering from jaundice revealed increase of total bilirubin by its indirect fraction. Urine and feces have intense colouring. What is the most probable mechanism of these abnormalities?

Increased haemolysis of erythrocytes

Impaired generation of direct bilirubin

Impaired transformation of urobilinogen in the liver

Obstruction of bile outflow from the liver

Damage of liver parenchyma

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Microscopic examination of a parenchymatous organ revealed that its epithelial cords formed glomerular, fasci- cular and reticular zones. The central part of the organ was presented by accumulations of chromaffin cells. Specify this organ:

Adrenal gland

Thyroid gland

Epiphysis

Hypophysis

Liver

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A patient has roundish ulcers on his face, inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes. These symptoms turned up as a result of mosquito bites. Laboratory examination of discharge from the ulcers revealed unicellular aflagellar organisms. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Dermatotropic leishmaniasis

Toxoplasmosis

Scabies

Trypanosomiasis

Myasis

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A male patient has stenosis of the mitral orifice. What is the leading mechanism of cardiac failure?

Myocardial damage

Tension-induced overload

Volume overload

Resistance-induced overload

-

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Prophylactic examination of a patient revealed hyperglycemia, ketonuria, polyuria, glycosuria. What form of acid-base balance disorder is the case?

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

Gaseous acidosis

Gaseous alkalosis

Nongaseous acidosis

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A specimen of connective tissue of derma was stained with Sudan III and hematoxylin. There are clusters of big polygonal cells that turned orange. Their nuclei are flattened and located on periphery. What tissue is it?

white adipose

Lamellar osseous

Reticular connective

Brown adipose

Hyaline cartilaginous

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Injection of an anaesthetic before the tooth extraction resulted in development of anaphylactic shock accompanied by oliguria. What pathogenetic mechanism caused a decrease in diuresis in this case?

Decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the renal corpuscle capillaries

Increase in oncotic pressure of blood plasma

Increase in hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule

Increase in vasopressin secretion

Damage of glomerular filter

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A patient was admitted to a hospital because of a penetrating wound of mouth floor. Which muscle is injured?

Thyrohyoid

Stylohyoid

Omohyoid

Mylohyoid

Sternohyoid

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A patient with fracture of femoral bone in the area of surgical neck got symptoms of acute dextroventricular insufficiency as a result of pulmonary embolism. What type of embolism is it?

Air

Tissue

Gas

Metastatic

Fat

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A patient has dislocation of his mandible that caused impairment of salivation and gustatory sensitivity of anterior 2/3 of his tongue. What nerve was damaged?

Greater petrosal nerve

Tympanichord

Sublingual nerve

Lesser petrosal nerve

Deep petrosal nerve

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A patient complains about pain in his upper jaw and toothache. Objectively: the patient feels pain when pressed in the region of the supraorbital foramen. What nerve is affected?

The third branch of trigeminus

Trochlear nerve

The first branch of trigeminus

The second branch of trigeminus

Facial nerve

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A 40 year old male patient died from cerebral edema. In anamnesis the face carbuncle was registered. Autopsy revealed hyperemia and edema of cerebral tissue. White matter of the left hemisphere had two cavities 6x5,5 and 5x4,5 cm large filled with yellowish-green cream-like fluid. Walls of the cavities were built up by nerve tissue with irregular rands. What complication of carbuncle was it?

Colliquative necroses

Cysts

Chronic abscesses

Empyema

Acute abscesses

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Study of a tubular organ revealed that its median membrane consists of solid hyaline rings. What epithelium lines mucous membrane of this organ?

Monostratal cubical

Multinuclear prismatic ciliated

Multistratal squamous nonkeratinizing

Monostratal prismatic glandular

Monostratal prismatic with a border

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A female patient was admitted to the hospital with pleuritis. Which area of pleural cavity contains most exudate?

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Under the pulmonary radix

Costomediastinal recess

Phrenicomediastinal recess

Under the pleural cupula

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Examination of a bronchial tissue sample revealed atrophy of mucous membrane, cystic degeneration of glands, focal metaplastic changes of lining prismatic epithelial cells into multilayer squamous cells; increase in goblet cell number; in some parts of bronchial wall and especially in the mucous membrane there was marked cellular inflammatory infiltration and growth of granulation tissue bulging into the bronchial lumen in form of a polyp. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Bronchopneumonia

Acute bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis

Lobar pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia

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Various cells of the oral mucous membrane and antimicrobial substances synthesized by these cells play an important part in the local immunity of the oral cavity. Specify the key factors for the local immunity:

Eosinophils

B-lymphocytes

IgG

Macrophages

Secretory IgA

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During examination of a 36-year-old woman a dentist revealed a formation in form of a nodule up to 0,8 cm in diameter, of dark brown-red colour, soft, on a wide base. The formation was found on the buccal surface of gum in the region of the 2nd molar. Histological examination revealed that the formation had plenty of sinusoid vessels and a lot of roundish mononuclear and big multinuclear cells; in some parts accumulations of hemosiderin granules could be found. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Angiomatous epulis

Giant-cell epulis

Root granuloma

Mandibular osteoclastoma

Ameloblastoma

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In order to anaesthetize superior incisors an anaesthetic should be injected in the region of the incisive foramen. What nerve is located in this place?

N.pharyngeus

Rr.nasales posteriores inferiores

Nn.palatini minores

N.nasopalatinus

N.palatinus major

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In the process of tooth tissue histogenesis dentin wasn’t formed in time for some reasons. What process of further histogenesis will be delayed or will not take place at all?

Pulp formation

Enamel formation

Acellular cement formation

Cellular cement formation

Predentinal space formation

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Examination of nasal cavity revealed deviation of the posterior part of nasal septum. What bone is affected?

Medial plate of pterygoid process

Lateral plate of pterygoid process

Vertical plate of palatine bone

Vomer

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

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A 70-year-old man has developed prosphetic stomatitis. Apart of this he was found to have an evident lesion of mouth corners. Microscopical examinati- on revealed large ovoid grampositive cells. What microorganisms are most likely to be the leading etiological agent of such a lesion?

Streptococci

Corynebacteria

Staphylococci

Neisseria

Candida fungi

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Osteolathyrism is characterized by a loss of tensile strength of collagen, which is induced by a significant decrease in the formation of cross-links in collagen fibrils. The cause for it is the reduced activity of:

Monoamine oxidase

Lysyl hydroxylase

Prolyl hydroxylase

Collagenase

Lysyl oxidase

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Examination of a kidney tissue sampling revealed leukocyte infiltration of interstitial tissue; miliary abscesses; dystrophic tubules filled with desquamated epithelium and leukocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Pyelitis

Necrotic nephrosis

Pyelonephritis

Glomerulonephritis

Nephrolithiasis

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A child with renal insufficiency exhibits delayed teeth eruption. This is most likely caused by the abnormal formation of the following substance:

Glutamate

Glycocyamine

Hydroxylysine

1,25 (OH)2D3

o-ketoglutarate

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A male patient underwent an operation on account of inguinal hernia. During the operation a surgeon damaged content of the inguinal canal. What structure was damaged?

Urarchus

-

Lig. teres uteri

Funiculus spermaticus

Lig. inguinale

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As a result of a road accident a 26-year-old man is in the torpid phase of shock. Blood count: leukocytes - 3,2 • 109/l. What is the leading mechanism of leukopenia development?

Leukopoiesis inhibition

Increased excretion of the leukocytes from the organism

Faulty release of mature leukocytes from the bone marrow into the blood

Leukocyte destruction in the hematopi-etic organs

Leukocyte redistribution in the bloodstream

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Analysis of urine from a 24-year-old man revealed the following changes: daily diuresis - 10 l, relative density - 1,001, qualitative alterations are absent. A patient complains of excessive thirst, frequent urination. What is the most likely cause of this disease?

Aldosteron hypersecretion

Glucocorticoid hypersecretion

Vasopressin hyposecretion

Relative insulin insufficiency

Vasopressin hypersecretion

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Далі ›

Epithelium regeneration of mucous membrane of oral cavity (cell reproduction) was accompanied by semiconservative DNA replication (selfreproduction). Nucleotides of a new DNA chain are complementary to:

RNA-polymerase enzyme

Maternal chain

DNA-polymerase enzyme

Sense codons

Introns

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A 7 year old child has angina. A smear from the tonsil surface was inoculated on blood agar. 24 hours later there had grown colonies of streptococci. Nutrient medium turned transparent around them. This study revealed presence of the following pathogenous factor:

Leukocidin

Endotoxin

Neuraminidase

Beta-lactamase

Hemolysin

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A 5-month-old boy was hospitalized for tonic convulsions. He has a lifetime history of this disease. Examination revealed coarse hair, thinned and fragile nails, pale and dry skin. In blood: calcium - 1,5 millimole/l, phosphor - 1,9 milli-mole/l. These changes are associated with:

Hypoaldosteronism

Hyperaldosteronism

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

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A 60-year-old patient presents with intestinal hypoperistalsis. Which of the following foodstuffs will stimulate peristalsis most of all?

Meat

White bread

Tea

Brown bred

Lard

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Liver puncture biopsy in a patient with hepatocellular insufficiency revealed vacuolar, balooning degeneration of hepatocytes, necrosis of single cells, Councilman’s bodies, infiltartion of portal and lobular stroma mainly by lymphocytes and macrophages with a small number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Autoimmune hepatitis

Chronic persisting hepatitis

Chronic active hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis

Acute viral hepatitis

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A sample taken from the pharynx of a patient with angina was inoculated on the blood-tellurite agar. This resulted in growth of grey, radially striated (in form of rosettes) colonies up to 4-5 mm in diameter. Microscopically there can be seen gram-positive rods with club-shaped ends arranged in form of spread fingers. What microorganisms are these?

Streptobacilli

Diphtheroids

Clostridium botulinum

Corynebacteria diphtheriae

Streptococci

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Cytogenetic examination of a patient with dysfunction of the reproductive system revealed normal karyotype 46,XY in some cells, but most cells have Klinefelter’s syndrome karyotype 47,XXY Such phenomenon of cell inhomogeneity is called :

Heterogeneity

Duplication

Mosaicism

Transposition

Inversion

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After prophylactic medical examination a 7 y.o. boy was diagnosed with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (only boys fall ill). His parents are healthy, but his grandfather by his mother’s side has the same disease. What type of inheritance is it?

Autosomal and recessive

Semidominance

Autosomal and dominant

Dominant, sex-linked

Recessive, sex-linked

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During an experiment it is required to estimate the rate of cell excitability. For this purpose it would be rational to determine:

Critical level of depolarization

Duration of action potential

Rest potential

Amplitude of action potential

Depolarization threshold

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A patient in a cardiological department has arrhythmia. A doctor administered him amyodaron. What is the main mechanism of amyodaron’s antiarrhythmic action?

It stimulates histamine receptors

It inhibits cholinoreceptors

It activates serotonin receptors

It alters myocardium susceptibility to the acetylcholine

It blocks mostly potassium channels

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During anaesthetization of the oral cavity mucous tunic a patient developed anaphylactic shock (generalized vasodilatation, increase in vascular permeability along with escape of liquid to the tissues). What type of hypersensitivity has the patient developed?

III type (immune complex)

II type (antibody-dependent)

I type (anaphylactic)

V type (granulomatosis)

IV type (cellular cytotoxicity)

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In course of an experiment thalamocortical tracts of an experimental animal were cut through. The animal didn’t lose the following sensations:

Auditory

Visual

Nociceptive

Exteroceptive

Olfactory

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A patient with edemata was prescribed a K+-retaining diuretic - aldosterone antagonist. What drug is it?

Clonidine

Procainamide hydrochloride

Alopurinole

Spironolactone

Digoxin

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Patients with erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther’s disease) are known to have photoesthetic skin, red urine. In the ultraviolet light their teeth exhibit bright red fluorescence. This disease is associated with deficiency of the following enzyme:

Ferrochelatase

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

Uroporphyrinogen-I-synthase

Delta-aminolevulinate synthase

Uroporphyrinogen-III-cosynthase

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A 25-year-old patient with clinical presentations of nephrotic syndrome underwent puncture biopsy of a kidney. Microscopical examination revealed expansion of the epithelium cells of proximal nephron tubules, vacuoles containing transparent liquid in the cytoplasm, peripheral deviation of the nucleus. What degeneration was revealed in the tubule epithelium?

Adipose

Keratinization

Hydropic

Hyaline drop

Granular

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A patient consulted a dentis about a lesion of his oral mucosa. He was diagnosed with herpetic stomatitis. Which of the following drugs will have an effect on etiotropic factor?

Dimedrol

Furacilinum

Levamisole

Paracetamol

Acyclovir

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Examination of a 42-year-old patient suffering from paradontosis revealed some roundish calcified formations 2-3 mm in diameter in the coronal pulp. Name these structures:

Denticles

Sclerotic dentin

Dead dentin

Interglobular spaces

Interglobular dentin

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A patient has secretory dysfunction of the submandibular salivary galnd. Which nerve is responsible for its vegetative innervation?

N.petrosus major

Chorda tympani

N.petrosus minor

N.auriculotemporalis

N.mandibularis

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Histological examination of a microspecimen presenting a malignant lung tumour revealed that the tumor consisted of lymphocyte-like cells forming any structures. Stroma is mildely marked, there are a lot of mitoses and necroses. What tumour is it?

Squamous cell nonkeratinous carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

Squamous cell keratinous carcinoma

Fibroma

Adenocarcinoma

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A 35-year-old patient consulted a dentist about low density of dental tissues, increased fragility of teeth on eating solid food. In order to determine Ca/P relation a scrape of enamel was sent to the laboratory. What value of this index is suggestive of intensified demineralization?

1, 85

0,9

2, 5

1, 5

1, 67

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A patient underwent the extraction of his isuperior medial incisor. It is supplied with blood by the branches of the following artery:

A.palatina descendens

A.alveolaris inferior

A.sphenopalatina

A.infraorbitalis

A.buccalis

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A 35-year-old patient with chronic periodontitis underwent excision of a cyst 3 cm in diameter found at a root of the 15th tooth. Histological examination revealed that it had thin wall formed by mature connective tissue infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasmatic cells. Its internal surface was lined with multilayer pavement epithelium with no signs of keratinization; the cavity contained serous exudate. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Radicular cyst

Primordial cyst

Follicular cyst

Follicular ameloblastoma

Cherubism

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Histological examination of myocardium of a 47-year-old patient with rheumatic heart disease ( section material) revealed some big visually empty vacuoles within the cardiomyocytes. They turn black when stained with osmic acid, and yellow-red when stained with sudan III. What pathological process is it?

Hyaline drop degeneration

Hydropic degeneration

Carbohydrate degeneration

Adipose degeneration

Dysproteinosis

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A sensory nerve ganglion consists of roundish neurocytes with one process that divides into axon and dendrite at a certain distance from perikaryon. What are such cells called?

Bipolar

Multipolar

Unipolar

Pseudounipolar

Apolar

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In spring a patient experiences petechial haemorrhages, loosening of teeth, high liability to colds. A doctor supposes hypobitaminosis C. In this respect loosening of teeth can be explained by:

Disturbed oxidation-reduction process in the periodont

Mechanical damage of teeth

Structural failure of collagen in the periodontal ligaments

Increased permeability of periodont membranes

Structural change of glycosaminoglycan

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Laboratory of extremely dangerous infections received a sample taken from a patient with assumed cholera. What express-diagnostics method can confirm this diagnosis?

Precipitation reaction

Complement binding reaction

Hemagglutination reaction

Agglutination test

Immunofluorescence test

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Examination of a patient revealed that dental hypoplasia was caused by hypovitaminosis of vitamins A and These vitamins were administered perorally but they didn’t have any medicinal effect. What is the probable cause of disturbed vitamin assimilation?

Hypochlorhydria

Achylia

Hyperchlorhydria

Bile acid deficiency

Achlorhydria

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A patient suffering form tuberculosis was treated with rifampicin, which caused drug resistance of tuberculosis mycobacteria. In order to reduce mycobacteria resistance, rifampicin should be combined with the following drug:

Metronidazole

Acyclovir

Intraconazole

Amoxicillin

Isoniazid

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A patient consulted a dentist about pains, reddening and swelling of gums. The dentist assumed herpetic gingivostomatitis. What virus might have caused this disease?

Epstein-Barr virus

Herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes simplex virus type 2

Cytomegalic virus

Herpes zoster

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Autopsy of a 35 y.o. woman revealed not only enlargement of many lymph nodes but also enlarged spleen weighting 600,0. Its incision showed that it was heterogeneous, dark red, dense with greyish-yellow necrotic areas up to 1 cm in diameter (porphyritic spleen). What disease can be assumed?

Cancer metastases

Chronic myeloid leukosis

Lymphosarcoma

Lymphogranulomatosis

Chronic lymphoid leukosis

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A patient suffering form stomatitis was prescribed oral rinsing. Which antiseptic from the oxidant group is the most suitable for this purpose?

Ethyl alcohol

Alcoholic iodine solution

Boric acid

Potassium permanganate

Chloramine

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Examination of a 60 y.o. man’s oral cavity revealed the following changes: the 26th and 27th tooth are covered with metallic crowns that plunge deep into the gums. There is a parodontal pouch 0,7 cm deep between them containing some pus. Gingival papillae of these teeth are hyperemic, edematic, cyanotic, bleed as a reaction to touching by a dental explorer. X-ray picture shows resorption of interdental septa of 1/2 of tooth root. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Hypertrophic gingivitis

-

Generalized parodontitis

Local parodontitis

Chronic catarrhal gingivitis

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